y bad air, an overheated room, by
fear, or by some other excitement. A fainting person falls down and
appears to be asleep. The lips are pale and there may be cold sweat on
the forehead. There is too little blood in the brain, and the heart is
weak.

A fainting person should be laid flat on the floor or on a couch, and
all doors and windows opened wide. Loosen all tight clothing and apply
to the forehead a cloth wet with cold water. A faint usually lasts
only a few minutes.

=Sunstroke.=--A person with sunstroke becomes giddy, sick at the
stomach, and weak. He then gets drowsy and may seem as if asleep, but
he cannot be aroused. The skin is hot and dry instead of being cold
and pale, as in fainting. The doctor should be sent for at once.

The first aid for sunstroke is to put the patient in a cool cellar or
an icehouse, raise the head, and wet the head, neck, and back of the
chest with cold water. As soon as he wakens put him in a cool room.

=Frostbite.=--When out in very cold weather, the end of the nose, the
tips of the ears, and the toes and fingers are sometimes frozen. If a
person comes into a warm room, these frozen parts will give much pain.
The parts should be rubbed with snow or ice water until a tingling
sensation is felt.

=Breaks in the Skin.=--A small cut or tear in the skin may become very
sore and cause much trouble if not cared for so as to keep the germs
out. If there is dirt in the wound, as when made with a rusty nail or
by the bite of a dog, it should be squeezed and washed with boiled
water to make it perfectly clean. It may then be bound up in a clean
cloth. A little turpentine poured on the wound will help kill the
germs which may make it sore. If the dog is thought to be mad or the
wound is too deep to be easily washed out to the bottom, a doctor
should be called.

=Snakebite.=--The scratches made by the little teeth of most snakes,
such as the milk snake, garter snake, and black snake, do no more harm
than the scratch of a pin. The _copperhead_, the _southern moccasin_,
and the _rattlesnake_ have a pair of long teeth called _fangs_ in the
upper jaw. These teeth have little canals in them through which the
snake presses poison into the bite.

[Illustration: FIG. 98.--Photograph of a copperhead snake whose bite
may cause death.]

If a person is bitten by one of these snakes, the doctor must be sent
for and help given at once. Put a bandage above the bite and twist it
tight with a stick