and the disproportionately large development of the arms as
compared with the legs, give all the photographs a striking resemblance
to a picture of the chimpanzee "Sally" at the Zoological Gardens. For
"invariably the thighs are bent nearly at right angles to the body, and
in no case did the lower limbs hang down and take the attitude of the
erect position." He adds, "In many cases no sign of distress is evinced,
and no cry uttered, until the grasp begins to give way."

[7] _Nineteenth Century_, November, 1891.

[Illustration: FIG. 14.--An infant, three weeks old, supporting its
own weight for over two minutes. The attitude of the lower limbs,
feet, and toes, is strikingly simian. Reproduced from an
instantaneous photograph, kindly given for the purpose by Dr. L.
Robinson.]

(5) _Tail._--The absence of a tail in man is popularly supposed to
constitute a difficulty against the doctrine of his quadrumanous
descent. As a matter of fact, however, the absence of an external tail
in man is precisely what this doctrine would expect, seeing that the
nearest allies of man in the quadrumanous series are likewise destitute
of an external tail. Far, then, from this deficiency in man constituting
any difficulty to be accounted for, if the case were not so--i. e. if
man _did_ possess an external tail,--the difficulty would be to
understand how he had managed to retain an organ which had been
renounced by his most recent ancestors. Nevertheless, as the anthropoid
apes continue to present the rudimentary vestiges of a tail in a few
caudal vertebrae below the integuments, we might well expect to find a
similar state of matters in the case of man. And this is just what we do
find, as a glance at these two comparative illustrations will show.
(Fig. 15.) Moreover, during embryonic life, both of the anthropoid apes
and of man, the tail much more closely resembles that of the lower kinds
of quadrumanous animals from which these higher representatives of the
group have descended. For at a certain stage of embryonic life the tail,
both of apes and of human beings, is actually longer than the legs (see
Fig. 16). And at this stage of development, also, the tail admits of
being moved by muscles which later on dwindle away. Occasionally,
however, these muscles persist, and are then described by anatomists as
abnormalities. The following illustrations serve to show the muscles in
question, when thus found in adult man.