ugar
cane. Nearly half the sugar used in the world comes from sugar cane,
the other half from beet roots. The latter is not quite so sweet as
the cane sugar. Sugar is also made from the sap of the maple tree, but
this is considered more of a luxury; consequently, not generally used
for cooking purposes.

MOLASSES AND TREACLE.

Molasses and treacle are formed in the process of crystallizing and
refining sugar. Treacle is the waste drained from moulds used in
refining sugar, and usually contains more or less dirt.

GLUCOSE.

Glucose, or grape sugar, is commonly manufactured from starch. It is
found in almost all the sweeter varieties of fruit. It is not so
desirable for general use as cane sugar.

HONEY.

Honey is a form of sugar gathered by bees from the nectar of flowering
plants, and stored by them in cells. Honey contains water 16.13,
fruit sugar 78.74, cane sugar 2.69, nitrogenous matter 1.29, mineral
matter 0.12 per cent. (Konig.)

Grains.

While the grains contain less proteid than the legumes, they are more
valuable on account of the variety of the nutrients contained in them,
and are more easily adapted to the demands of the appetite. They,
however, require long, slow cooking in order to soften the fibre and
render the starch more soluble. Among the most important we may place:

WHEAT.

A wheat kernel may be subdivided into three layers. The first or outer
one contains the bran; second, the gluten, fats and salts; third, the
starch. Some of the mineral matter for which wheat is so valuable is
contained in the bran, hence the value of at least a portion of that
part of the wheat being included in bread flour--not by the addition
of coarse bran (which is indigestible) to the ordinary flour, but by
the refining process employed in producing whole wheat flour. While
wheat is used in other forms, its principal use as food is in the form
of flour.

The following table, giving the composition of bread from wheat and
maize, will be of interest (Stone):--

COMPOSITION OF BREAD FROM WHEAT AND MAIZE.

-------------------------+--------------------------------------------
| In Air-Dry Material.
+------+-----+-----+-------+--------+--------
| | | | | |Nitrogen
|Water.| Ash.| Fat.| Fibre.|Protein.| free
| | | | |