nglish crown. He landed
(1745) on the northern coast of Scotland with only seven followers,
but with the aid of the Scotch Jacobites (SS495, 535) of the Highlands
he gained a battle over the English at Prestonpans, near Edinburgh.
Emboldened by his success, he now marched into Derbyshire, England, on
his way to London. He hoped that as he advanced the country would
rise in his favor; but finding no support, he retreated to Scotland.

The next year he and his adherents were defeated, with great slaughter
by "Butcher" Cumberland, as the Scotch called him, at Culloden, near
Iverness (1746). (See map facing p. 120.) The "Young Pretender" fled
from the battlefield to the Hebrides. After wandering in those
islands for many months he escaped to France through the devotion and
courage of the Scottish heroine, Flora Macdonald. When he left the
country his Highland sympathizers lost all hope. There were no more
ringing Jacobite songs, sung over bowls of steaming punch, of "Wha'll
be king but Charlie?" "Over the Water to Charlie," and "Wae's me for
Prince Charlie"; and when (1788) Prince Charles Edward died in Rome,
the unfortunate House of Stuart, which began with James I (1603),
disappeared from English history.[2]

[2] Devoted loyalty to a hopeless cause was never more truly or
pathetically expressed than in some of these Jacobite songs, notably
in those of Scotland, in honor of Prince Charles Edward, the "Young
Pretender," of which the following lines from "Over the Water to
Charlie" are an example:
"Over the water, and over the sea,
And over the water to Charlie;
Come weal, come woe, we'll gather and go,
And live or die with Charlie."
Scott, "Redgauntlet"

544. War in the East; the Black Hole of Calcutta; Clive's Victories;
English Empire of India, 1751-1757.

The English acquired Madras, their first trading post in India, in the
reign of Charles I (1639). Later, they obtained possession of Bombay,
Calcutta, and other points, but they had not got control of the
country, which was still governed by native princes. The French also
had established an important trading post at Pondicherry, south of
Madras, and were now secretly planning through alliance with the
native rulers to get possession of the entire country. They had met
with some success in their efforts, and the times seemed to favor
their gain