especially hated by Spain, not only on account
of the part he had taken in the defeat of the Armada (S400), but also
for his subsequent attacks on Spanish treasure ships and property.

[3] At the beginning of the reign two plots were discovered: one,
called the "Main Plot," aimed to change the government and perhaps to
place Arabella Stuart, cousin of James, on the throne. The object of
the second conspiracy, called the "Bye Plot," was to obtain religious
toleration. Raleigh was accused of having been implicated in the Main
Plot.
[1] It is said that James had treacherously informed the Spanish
ambassador of Raleigh's voyage, so that the collision was inevitable.

The King of that country now demanded vengeance, and James, in order
to get a pretext for his execution, revived the sentence which had
been passed on Raleigh fifteen years before. He doubtless hoped that,
by sacrificing Raleigh, he might secure the hand of the daughter of
the King of Spain for his son, Prince Charles. Raleigh died as Sir
Thomas More did (S351), his last words a jest at death. His deeper
feelings found expression in the lines which he wrote on the fly leaf
of his Bible the night before his judicial murder:

"Even such is Time, that takes in trust
Our youth, our joys, our all we have,
And pays us but with age and dust;
Who in the dark and silent grave,
When we have wandered all our ways,
Shuts up the story of our days.
Buy from this earth, this grave, this dust,
My God shall raise me up, I trust!"

427. Death of James.

James died suddenly a few years later, a victim of sloth, drunkenness,
and gluttony. He had taught his son, Prince Charles, to believe that
the highest power on earth was the royal will. It was a terrible
inheritance for the young man, for just as he was coming to the
throne, the people were beginning to insist that their will should be
respected.

428. Summary.

Three chief events demand our attention in this reign. First, the
increased power and determined attitude of the House of Commons.
Secondly, the growth of the Puritan and Independent parties in
religion. Thirdly, the establishment of permanent, self-governing
colonies in Virginia and New England, destined in time to unite with
others and become a new and independent nation,--the American
Republic.

Charles I--1625-1649

429. Accession of Charles; Result of the Doctrine of