astronomer, now demonstrated the fact that it both turns on its axis
and revolves around the sun, but the discovery was not accepted until
many years later.

On the other hand, astrology, witchcraft, and the transmutation of
copper and lead into gold were generally believed in. In preaching
before Queen Elizabeth, Bishop Jewell urged that stringent measures be
taken with witches and sorcerers, saying that through their demoniacal
acts "your Grace's subjects pine away even unto death, their color
fadeth, their flesh rotteth." Lord Bacon and other eminent men held
the same belief, and many persons eventually suffered death for the
practice of witchcraft.

412. Architecture.

The Gothic, or Pointed, style of architecture reached its final stage
(the Perpendicular) in the early part of this period. The first
examples of it have already been mentioned at the close of the
preceding period (S324). After the close of Henry VII's reign no
attempts were made to build any grand church edifices until St. Paul's
Cathedral was rebuilt by Wren, in the seventeenth century, in the
Italian, or classical, style.

In the latter part of the Tudor period many stately country houses[1]
and grand city mansions were built, ornamented with carved woodwork
and bay windows. Castles were no longer constructed, and, as the
country was at peace, many of those which had been built were
abandoned, though a few castellated mansions like Thornbury,
Gloucestershire, were built in Henry VIII's time. The streets of
London still continued to be very narrow, and the houses, with their
projecting stories, were so near together at the top that neighbors
living on opposite sides of the street might almost shake hands from
the upper windows.

[1] Such as Hatfield House, Knowle Hall, Hardwick Hall, and part of
Haddon Hall; and, in London, Crosby Hall and other noble mansions.

V. General Industry and Commerce

413. Foreign Trade.

The eographical discoveries of this period gave a great impulse to
foreign trade with Africe, Brazil, and North America. The wool trade
continued to increase, and also commerce with the East Indies. In
1600 the East India Company was established, thus laying the
foundation of England's Indian empire, and ships now brought cargoes
direct to England by way of the Cape of Good Hope.

Sir Francis Drake did a flourishing business in plundering Spanish
settlements in America and Spanish treasure ships on the sea, and Sir
J