ish, to which William's
royal seal was appended. It has indeed been said on high authority
that the King also signed the charter with a cross; but no trace of it
appears on the parchment. The truth seems to be that he who wielded
the sword with such terrible efficiency disdained handling the pen
(S154).

[2] See Constitutional Documents in the Appendix, p. xxxiii.

108. The Coronation; William returns to Normandy.

On the following Christmas Day (1066) William was anointed and crowned
in Westminster Abbey. His accession to the throne marked the union of
England and Normandy (S191). (See map facing p. 54). He assumed the
title of "King of the English," which had been used by Edward the
Confessor and by Harold. The title "King of England" did not fully
and finally come into use until John's accession, more than a hundred
and thirty years later. William did not remain in London, but made
Winchester, in the south of England, his capital. In the spring
(1067) he sailed for Normandy, where he had left his queen, Matilda,
to govern in his absence.

While on the Continent he intrusted England to the hands of two
regents, one his half-brother Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, the other his
friend William Fitz-Osbern; the former he had made Earl of Kent, the
latter Earl of Hereford.

During the next three years there were outbreaks and uprisings in the
lowlands of Cambridgeshire and the moors of Yorkshire, besides
incursions of both Danes and Scots.

109. William quells Rebellion in the North (1068).

The oppresive rule of the regents (S108) soon caused a rebellion, and
in December William returned to England to put it down. He found the
task a hard one. The King of Denmark made it all the harder by
sending over a powerful fleet to held the English. William bribed the
Danish commanders and they "sailed away without striking a blow."
Then, little by little, he brought the land to obedience. By forced
marches in midwinter, by roads cast up through bogs, and by sudden
night attacks William accomplished the end he sought.

But (1068) news came of a fresh revolt in the north, accompanied by
another invasion of foreign barbarians. Then William, roused by
terrible anger, swore by the "splendor of God" that he would lay waste
the land.

He made good his oath. For a hundred miles beyond the river Humber in
Yorkshire he ravaged the country, burning villages, destroying houses,
crops, and cattle, and reduced the wretched peop