[Footnote 45: Trediakofski was an absurd poet whom Catherine II. held up
to ridicule in her "Rule of the Hermitage!"]

[Footnote 46: Scornful way of writing the patronymic.]

[Footnote 47: Formula of consent.]

[Footnote 48: One _verchok_ = 3 inches.]

[Footnote 49: Grandson of Peter the Great, succeeded his aunt, Elizabeth
Petrofna, in 1762; murdered by Alexis Orloff in prison at Ropsha.]

[Footnote 50: Torture of the "_batogs_," little rods, the thickness of a
finger, with which a criminal is struck on the bare back.]

[Footnote 51: Edict or ukase of Catherine II.]

[Footnote 52: Pugatch means bugbear.]

[Footnote 53: Sarafan, dress robe. It is a Russian custom to bury the
dead in their best clothes.]

[Footnote 54: Girdles worn by Russian peasants.]

[Footnote 55: Peter III.]

[Footnote 56: Little flat and glazed press where the Icons or Holy
Pictures are shut up, and which thus constitutes a domestic altar or
home shrine.]

[Footnote 57: _Ataman_, military Cossack chief.]

[Footnote 58: 1 petak = 5 kopek copper bit.]

[Footnote 59: First of the false Dmitri.]

[Footnote 60: Allusion to the old formulas of petitions addressed to the
Tzar, "I touch the earth with my forehead and I present my petition to
your 'lucid eyes.'"]

[Footnote 61: At that time the nostrils of convicts were cut off. This
This barbarous custom has been abolished by the Tzar Alexander.]

[Footnote 62: Daughter of another Commandant of a Fort, whom Pugatchef
outraged and murdered.]

[Footnote 63: Name of a robber celebrated in the preceding century, who
fought long against the Imperial troops.]

[Footnote 64: In the torture by fire the accused is tied hand and foot;
he is then fixed on a long pole, as upon a spit, being held at either
end by two men; his bare back is roasted over the fire. He is then
examined and abjured by a writer to confess, and any depositions he may
make are taken down.]

[Footnote 65: Slight skirmish, wherein the advantage remained with
Pugatchef.]

[Footnote 66: Frederick, son of Frederick; name given to Frederick the
Great by the Russian soldiery.]

[Footnote 67: Title of a superior officer.]

[Footnote 68: Hazard game at cards.]

[Footnote 69: Diminutive of Emelian.]

[Footnote 70: Little summer carriage.]

[Footnote 71: Fedor Poushkin, a noble of high rank, ancestor of the
author, was executed on a charge of treason by Petr' Alexiovitch the
Great.]

[Footnote 72: Leaders of the Russia