--LOWELL.

=The Socialization of the Modern State.=--In a previous book before
mentioned[20] and in many special articles published elsewhere, the
idea has been stressed that society is now witnessing a remarkable
coalescence of two ethical movements which are of special significance
in the new political equality of men and women. These two movements
are, first, the call for the application to women of the principles
embodied in our national Bill of Rights; and, second, the introduction
of what is called social welfare work into governmental provisions and
administration. The first marked the reaction of women, belated but
strong, and at last successful in realization of purpose, to the
eighteenth Century demand for the recognition of human rights
regardless of color, sex, or previous condition of servitude. The
second was a reaction of social sympathy and a growing sense of social
responsibility for the better development of the common life. These
two movements so worked together that as women marched toward the
citadel of political power and responsibility, political action became
more and more permeated by forms of social interest in which women
were already alert, and by forms of social activity in which women
were already proficient. This is particularly noticeable in the United
States. For example, in our country we have changed the common point
of view and the general governmental approach to individual and
private life in the following important particulars:

1. Health--public and private, in matters of prevention of
disease and in care of the sick and the convalescent.

2. Education--in respect to all ages and to all peculiar needs of
special training.

3. Philanthropy, or the social care of the dependent, the
poverty-bound, the defective, and the juvenile delinquent.

4. Penology, or the laws and their administration which deal with
crime and criminals and with both the victims of and the
panderers to vice.

5. Recreation and all manner of publicly provided opportunity for
helpful use of leisure time.

6. Conservation of natural resources in the interest of common
wealth.

7. Checks upon economic exploitation by the greedy and strong of
the young, the weak, and the ignorant.

8. Checks upon those commercialized forms of recreation which tend
to despoil childhood and youth of innocence and refinement.

9. Official standard