FIG. 36.--Ponka camping circle.

Tcinju half-tribe--Thunder or Fire phratry: Gens 1, Hisada,
Legs-stretched-ont-stiff (refers to a dead quadruped); Thunder people.
Gens 2, Touch-not-the-skin-of-a-black-bear. Wind-makers or War phratry:
Gens 3, cixida, Wildcat (in two subgentes: 1, Sinde-agce, Wears-tails,
i.e., locks of hair; Naqce-it'aji, Does-not-touch-charcoal; and
Wasc{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}u-it'aji, Does-not-tonch-verdigris. 2, Wami-it'aji,
Does-not-touch-blood). Gens 4, Nika-*d*a-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}na, "Bald human-head;" Elk
people (in at least three subgentes: 1, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e-sinde-it'aji,
Does-not-touch-a-buffalo-tail; 2, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e ceze cataji,
Does-not-eat-buffalo-tongues; 3, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}aqti ki Anpan cataji,
Does-not-eat-deer-and-elk).

Wajaje half-tribe--Earth phratry: Gens 5, Ma{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}an, Medicine, a buffalo gens,
also called {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e-sinde it'aji, Does-not-touch-buffalo-tails (in two
subgentes: 1, Real Ponka, Keepers-of-a-sacred-pipe; 2, Gray Ponka). Gens
6, Wacabe, Dark buffalo (in two subgentes: 1, Buffalo tail, or,{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e-ceze
cataji, Does-not-eat-buffalo-tongues, or {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e-jinga cataji,
Does-not-eat-a-very-young-buffalo-calf; 2, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e-*d*a it'aji,
Does-not-touch-a-buffalo-head or skull). Water phratry (?): Gens 7,
Wajaje, Osage (in two subgentes at present: 1, Dark Osage,
Keepers-of-a-sacred-pipe, or Wase{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}u-it'aji, Does-not-touch-verdigris, or
Naqce-it'aji, Does-not-touch-charcoal; 2, Gray Osage, or Wes'a wet'aji,
Does-not-touch-serpents; 3, Necta, an Owl subgens, now extinct). Gens 8,
Nuqe, Reddish-yellow buffalo (miscalled Nuxe, Ice). Subgentes uncertain,
but there are four taboo names: Does-not-touch-a-Buffalo-head (or skull),
Does-not-touch-a-buffalo-calf,
Does-not-touch-the-yellow-hide-of-a-buffalo-calf, and
Does-not-eat-buffalo-tongues.

THE QUAPAW OR KWAPA

When the Kwapa were discovered by the French they dwelt in five villages,
described by the early chroniclers as the Imaha (Imaham, Imahao), Capaha,
Toriman, Tonginga (Doginga, Topinga), and Southois (Atotchasi,
Ossouteouez). Three of these village names are known to all the tribe: 1,
U{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a'qpa-qti, Real Kwapa; 2, Ti'-u-a'-dci-man (Toriman), Ti'-u-a-d