n are not uncommonly attached.

[109] A good deal of the cleansing and combing in the cloth and
worsted trades is, however, done separately on commission by large
firms such as Lister's. Cf. Burnley, p. 417.

[110] Marshall, _Principles of Economics_, 2nd edit., p. 517.

[111] Cournot, _Recherches sur les Principes Mathematiques de la
Theorie des Richesses_ (quoted Marshall, _Principles of Economics_, p.
384).

[112] It ought, however, to be kept in mind that the application of
the "roundabout" method is only economically justified by a continual
increase in consumption. So far as a given quantity of consumption is
concerned the result of the "roundabout" method is to diminish the
quantity of capital which assists to produce it.

[113] Professor Boehm Bawerk shows this increased time of production to
be the essential characteristic of capitalist production. Cf.
_Positive Theory of Capital_.

[114] For a full and valuable treatment of these harmonious relations,
from the point of view of consumption and production, see Patten's
_Economics of a Dynamic Society_.

[115] Cf. Porter, _Progress of the Nation_, pp. 177-206.

[116] _Principles of Sociology_, vol. i. p. 500 (3rd edit.).

[117] For a detailed account of the national trade divisions, cf. Dr.
Yeats, _The Golden Gates of Trade_.

[118] Foreign competition with English textiles, though comparatively
modern so far as the more highly developed machine-made fabrics is
concerned, was keenly felt early in the century in hand-made goods.
Schulze-Gaevernitz points out that the depression in work and wages of
the hand-loom workers in 1820 was due more to foreign competition than
to the new machinery. (_Der Grossbetrieb_, p. 41.)

[119] Yeats, _The Golden Gates of Trade_, p. 12. (Philip & Son.)

[120] Cf. Schulze-Gaevernitz's minute investigation of this whole
subject, _Der Grossbetrieb_, pp. 98, 99, etc.

[121] Schulze-Gaevernitz, p. 110.

[122] For the gain of female over male employment in textile
factories, cf. Chap. xi.

[123] In a free application of Spencer's formula of evolution to
modern industry I have not included the quality of "definiteness,"
which close reflection shows to possess no property which is not
included under heterogeneity and cohesiveness.

CHAPTER V.

THE FORMATION OF MONOPOLIES IN CAPITAL.

Sec. 1. _Productive Economies of the Large Business._
Sec. 2. _Competitive Economies of the Large Business._
Sec. 3. _