onditions by a 1-1/2 inch insulating
covering. Table 64 gives the radiation losses for bare and covered pipes
with different thicknesses of magnesia covering.

Many experiments have been made as to the relative efficiencies of
different kinds of covering. Table 65 gives some approximately relative
figures based on one inch covering from experiments by Paulding,
Jacobus, Brill and others.

TABLE 65

APPROXIMATE
EFFICIENCIES OF VARIOUS
COVERINGS REFERRED TO
BARE PIPES
+--------------------------------+
|+-------------------+----------+|
|| Covering |Efficiency||
|+-------------------+----------+|
||Asbestocel | 76.8 ||
||Gast's Air Cell | 74.4 ||
||Asbesto Sponge Felt| 85.0 ||
||Magnesia | 83.5 ||
||Asbestos Navy Brand| 82.0 ||
||Asbesto Sponge Hair| 86.0 ||
||Asbestos Fire Felt | 73.5 ||
|+-------------------+----------+|
+--------------------------------+

Based on one-inch covering.

The following suggestions may be of service:

Exposed radiating surfaces of all pipes, all high pressure steam
flanges, valve bodies and fittings, heaters and separators, should be
covered with non-conducting material wherever such covering will improve
plant economy. All main steam lines, engine and boiler branches, should
be covered with 2 inches of 85 per cent carbonate of magnesia or the
equivalent. Other lines may be covered with one inch of the same
material. All covering should be sectional in form and large surfaces
should be covered with blocks, except where such material would be
difficult to install, in which case plastic material should be used. In
the case of flanges the covering should be tapered back from the flange
in order that the bolts may be removed.

All surfaces should be painted before the covering is applied. Canvas is
ordinarily placed over the covering, held in place by wrought-iron or
brass bands.

Expansion and Support of Pipe--It is highly important that the piping be
so run that there will be no undue strains through the action of
expansion. Certain points are usually securely anchored and the
expansion of the piping at other points taken care of by providing
supports along which the piping will slide or by means of flexible
hangers. Where pipe is supported or anchored, it should be from the
building structure and not from boilers or prime movers. Where supports
are furnished, they sho