eds.

1042. End of the Danish rule in England; Hardicanute succeeded by Edward
the Confessor.

1045. Ferdinand of Castile exacts tribute from his Moorish neighbors.

1046. Henry III holds a council at Sutri on the question of the papacy.
See "HENRY III DEPOSES THE SIMONIACAL POPES," v, 177.

1047. Count Guelf given the duchy Carinthia by Emperor Henry III.

1048. On the death of Clement II, the deposed Pope again intrudes
himself. See "HENRY III DEPOSES THE SIMONIACAL POPES," v, 177.

1049. Hildebrand, the monk, assumes charge of the patrimony of St.
Peter, at Rome.

1050. Berenger of Tours condemned and imprisoned for denying the
doctrine of transubstantiation.

1051. William of Normandy visits England; he confers with Edward the
Confessor.

1052. Archbishop Robert, with the Norman bishops and nobles, driven out
of England.

1053. In Italy the Norman conquests of that country are conferred on
them as a fief of the Church.

1054. Separation of the Greek and Latin churches. See "DISSENSION AND
SEPARATION OF THE GREEK AND ROMAN CHURCHES," v, 189.

1055. Togrul Beg drives the Buyides from Bagdad and establishes his
authority there.

1056. Death of Emperor Henry III; his son, Henry IV, is elected king
under the regency of his mother, Agnes.

Malcolm defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland, at Dunsinane.

1057. Harold, son of Earl Godwin, is designated heir to the throne of
England. See "NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND," v, 204.

1059. Nicholas II and the Council of Rome decree that future popes shall
be elected by the college of cardinals, but confirmed by the people and
clergy of Rome and the emperor.

1060. King Andrew slain in battle by his brother, Bela, who ascends the
throne of Hungary.

1061. Robert Guiscard and his brother Roger, at the head of the Normans,
engage in the conquest of Sicily from the Saracens.

1062. The Archbishop of Cologne, Anno, assumes the reins of government
after seizing the young emperor Henry IV.

1066. Death of Edward the Confessor, who is succeeded by Harold II. The
Norwegians invade England; they are defeated by Harold. William, Duke of
Normandy, invades and conquers England. See "NORMAN CONQUEST OF
ENGLAND," v, 204.

1067. Council of Mantua; Hildebrand denies the imperial right to
interfere in the election of a pope.

1068. Carrier pigeons are employed by the Saracens to convey
intelligence to the besieged in Palermo.

1069. Morocco founded by Abu-Bekr, Ameer of Lantun