ng the
social lives of the higher animals. The third edition, in ten large
volumes, fully illustrated, and edited by Pechuel Loesche, has lately
appeared (Leipzig und Wien, Bibliog. Institute, 1890-92). It is,
indeed, as Virchow has lately termed it, "a sort of zoological
library," popular in character, and almost purely descriptive. (There
is a French edition of this work in nine volumes, but, with the
exception of one fragment, it has not appeared in English. The nearest
approach to Brehm's work in England is Cassell's _New Natural
History_, and in America the _Riverside Natural History_.) It is
impossible to enumerate the numberless works by travellers and others
on which the knowledge of animal industries is founded. The works of
Huber, Fabre, Audubon, Le Vaillant, C. St. John, Belt, Bates, Tennent,
are frequently quoted in the course of this work. Many of the most
important and detailed studies of animal industries are scattered
through the pages of the scientific periodicals of all countries.
References to a few of the chief of these studies will be found in the
text.

For a scientific discussion of the phenomena of animal skill and
intelligence we may perhaps best turn to Professor C. Lloyd Morgan,
whose work is always both acute and cautious. In _Animal Life and
Intelligence_ (1890) he has furnished an excellent introduction to the
subject. In his _Introduction to Comparative Psychology_ (shortly to
appear in the Contemporary Science Series) he discusses the
fundamental problems of mental processes in animals, and the
transition from animal intelligence to human intelligence. Romanes'
_Mental Evolution in Animals_ (1883) and other works by this writer,
dealing with the same subject, but proceeding on a different method,
should also be studied; and his _Animal Intelligence_ (International
Science Series) is an excellent critical summary of the facts.
Buechner's _Aus dem Geistesleben der Thiere_ (Berlin, 1877) and
Houzeau's _Facultes Mentales des Animaux_ (Brussels, 1877) may also be
mentioned, and Espinas' _Societes Animales_ (1877), though dealing
primarily with sociology, is an original and suggestive study of great
value.

As a general introduction, of a popular but not unscientific
character, to all the various aspects of animal life, J. Arthur
Thomson's little book, _The Study of Animal Life_ (University
Extension Manuals, 1892), may be recommended. At the end of Mr.
Thomson's volume will be found a usef