n discussed in a little volume
by Alfredo Niceforo,[349] professor in the School of Criminal Law at
Rome. He proposes as indices of progress:

1. The increase in wealth and in the consumption of goods, and the
diminution of the mortality rate. These are evidences of material
progress.

2. The diffusion of culture, and "when it becomes possible to measure
it," the productivity of men of genius. This is the measure of
intellectual superiority.

3. Moral progress he would measure in terms of crime.

4. There remains the social and political organization, which he would
measure in terms of the increase and decrease of individual liberty.

In all these attempts to measure the progress of the community the
indices have invariably shown progression in some direction,
retrogression in others.

From the point of view of social research the problem of progress is
mainly one of getting devices that will measure all the different
factors of progress and of estimating the relative value of different
factors in the progress of the community.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. THE DEFINITION OF PROGRESS

(1) Dewey, John. "Progress," _International Journal of Ethics_, XXVI
(1916), 311-22.

(2) Bury, J. B. _The Idea of Progress_. An inquiry into its origin and
growth. London, 1921.

(3) Bryce, James. "What is Progress?" _Atlantic Monthly_, C (1907),
145-56.

(4) Todd, A. J. _Theories of Social Progress_. A critical attempt to
formulate the conditions of human advance. New York, 1918.

(5) Woods, E. B. "Progress as a Sociological Concept," _American Journal
of Sociology_, XII (1906-7), 779-821.

(6) Cooley, Charles H. _The Social Process_. Chap, xxvii, "The Sphere of
Pecuniary Valuation," pp. 309-28. New York, 1918.

(7) Mackenzie, J. S. "The Idea of Progress," _International Journal of
Ethics_, IX (1899), 195-213.

(8) Bergson, H. _Creative Evolution_. New York, 1911.

(9) Frobenius, L. _Die Weltanschauung der Naturvoelker_. Weimar, 1899.

(10) Inge, W. R. _The Idea of Progress_. The Romanes Lecture, 1920.
Oxford, 1920.

(11) Balfour, Arthur J. _Arthur James Balfour, as Philosopher and
Thinker_. A collection of the more important and interesting passages in
his non-political writings, speeches, and addresses, 1879-1912. Selected
and arranged by Wilfrid M. Short. "Progress," pp. 413-35. London and New
York, 1912.

(12) Carpenter, Edward. _Civilization, Its Cause and Cure_. And other
essays. New and enlarged ed. Lo