manner been closed in and removed. In October 1836,
wooden stakes were driven several feet into the ground, at one point on
the banks of the St. Lawrence, at high-water mark, and over them were
piled many boulders as large as the united force of six men could roll.
The year after, all the boulders had disappeared, and others had
arrived, and the stakes had been drawn out and carried away by the
ice."--'Elements,' first edition, p. 138.

[19] The story of the Lady of Balconie and her keys is narrated in
"Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland." chap. XI.

[20] This mode is described in a traditionary story regarding a gigantic
tribe of _Fions_, narrated in "Scenes and Legends of the North of
Scotland," chap. IV.

[21] See "My Schools and Schoolmasters," chap XI.

[22] I can entertain no doubt that the angular groups of palatal teeth
figured by Agassiz and the Russian geologists as those of a supposed
Placoid termed the Ctenodus, are in reality groups of the palatal teeth
of Dipterus. In some of my specimens the frontal buckler of Polyphractus
is connected with the gill-covers and scales of Dipterus, and bears in
its palate what cannot he distinguished from the teeth of Ctenodus. The
three genera resolve themselves into one.

[23] There is a very admirable remark to this effect in the "Travelling
Memorandums" of the late Lord Gardenstone, which, as the work has been
long out of print, and is now scarce, may be new to many of my readers:
"It is certain, and demonstrated by the experience of ages and nations,"
says his Lordship, in referring to the old principalities of France,
"that the government of petty princes is less favorable to the security
and interests of society than the government of monarchs, who possess
great and extensive territories. The race of great monarchs cannot
possibly preserve a safe and undisturbed state of government, without
many delegations of power and office to men of approved abilities and
practical knowledge, who are subject to complaint during their
administration, and responsible when it is at an end; or yet without an
established system of laws and regulations; so that no inconsiderable
degree of security and liberty to the subject is almost inseparable
from, and essential to, the subsistence and duration of a great
monarchy. But it is easy for petty princes to practise an arbitrary and
irregular exercise of power, by which their people are reduced to a
condition of miserable sl