stunting the growth of both trees,
thus illustrating, according to the opinion of the eccentric naturalist
above cited, the incongruous union of Church and State!

[63] See Daubeny, 'Lectures on Roman Husbandry,' p. 156.

[64] A. P. De Candolle, 'Organ Veget.,' t. ii, p. 72, tab. liv, fig. 1.

[65] 'Bull. Acad. Belg.,' t. xx, part i, 1852, p. 43.

PART II.

INDEPENDENCE OR SEPARATION OF ORGANS.

Under this head are included all those instances wherein organs usually
entire, or more or less united, are, or appear to be, split or
disunited. It thus includes such cases as the division of an ordinarily
entire leaf into a lobed or partite one, as well as those characterised
by the separation of organs usually joined together. Union, as has been
stated in a previous chapter, is the result either of persistent
integrity or of a junction of originally separate organs, after their
formation; so in like manner, the separation or disjunction of parts may
arise from the absence of that process of union which is habitual in
some cases, or from an actual _bona fide_ separation of parts originally
united together. In the former case, the isolation of parts arises from
arrest of development, while in the latter it is due rather to luxuriant
growth. A knowledge, as well of the ordinary as of the unusual course,
of development in any particular flower is thus required in order to
ascertain with accuracy the true nature of the separation of parts. The
late Professor Morren[66] proposed the general term Monosy ([Greek:
monosis]) for all these cases of abnormal isolation, subdividing the
group into two, as follows--1, Adesmy ([Greek: a-desmos]), including
those cases where the separation is congenital; and 2, Dialysis ([Greek:
dialyo]), comprising those instances where the isolation is truly a
result of the separation of parts previously joined together. Adesmy,
moreover, was by the Belgian savant said to be homologous when it
occurred between members of the same whorl, _e.g._ between the sepals of
an ordinary monosepalous calyx, or heterologous when the separation took
place between members of different whorls, as when the calyx is detached
from the ovary, &c. The former case would thus be the converse of
cohesion, the latter of adhesion.

To the adoption of these words there is this great objection, that we
can but rarely, in the present state of our knowledge, tell in which
group any particular illustration should be place