wheat
(_Triticum_) resides in the relative position of the spikelets and the
main stem; in _Triticum_ the spikelets are placed with their backs
against the rachis, in _Lolium_ with one edge against it; but in a
specimen of rye-grass that has come under my own observation, the
arrangement was that of _Triticum_.

M. Kirschleger relates having found a specimen of _Leucanthemum
pratense_, in which the ligulate female flowers were growing singly in
the axils of the upper leaves of the stem.[91] The ordinary capitulum
would here seem to have been replaced by a spike or a raceme. A less
degree of this change wherein a few flowers may be found, as it were,
detached from the ordinary capitulum may often be observed in
_Compositae_, _Dipsacaceae_, &c. I have also met with specimens of _Lamium
album_ in which some of the fascicles or clusters of flowers in place of
being placed at the same level on opposite sides of the stem were placed
alternately one above another.

Caspary[92] mentions a flower of _Aldrovanda vesiculosa_, which was
elevated on a stalk that was adherent to the stem for a certain
distance, and then separated from it. This flower, with the leaf to
which it was axillary, evidently belonged to the whorl beneath, where
there was a corresponding deficiency. Another flower of the same plant
bore on its pedicel a small leaf, which was doubtless the bract raised
above its ordinary position.

M. Fournier mentions an instance in _Pelargonium grandiflorum_, where,
owing to the lengthening of the axis, the pedicels, instead of being
umbellate, had become racemose; and I owe to the kindness of Dr. Sankey
a somewhat similar specimen, but in a less perfect condition. Here there
was but a single flower, and that rudimentary, placed at the extremity
of the axis. There were several bracts beneath this flower disposed
spirally in the 1/3 arrangement, all being empty, excepting the terminal
one. In like manner, a head of flowers becomes sometimes converted into
an umbel.

=Displacement of leaves.=--A cohesion of parts will sometimes give rise
to an apparent displacement, but the true nature of the malformation
can, in general, be readily made out.

Steinheil[93] found a specimen of _Salvia Verbenaca_, the leaves of
which presented very curious examples of displacement arising from
cohesion. Two of these leaves placed at the base of a branch were
completely fused in their lower thirds, and divided into two distinct
lobes at t