BENIGN NEOPLASMS OF THE ESOPHAGUS 209
CHAPTER XXV ENDOSCOPY IN MALIGNANT DISEASE OF THE LARYNX 210
CHAPTER XXVI BRONCHOSCOPY IN MALIGNANT GROWTHS OF
THE TRACHEA 214
CHAPTER XXVII MALIGNANT DISEASE OF THE ESOPHAGUS 216
CHAPTER XXVIII DIRECT LARYNGOSCOPY IN DISEASES OF
THE LARYNX 221
CHAPTER XXIX BRONCHOSCOPY IN DISEASES OF THE TRACHEA
AND BRONCHI 224
CHAPTER XXX DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS 235
CHAPTER XXXI DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS (Continued) 245
CHAPTER XXXII DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS (Continued) 251
CHAPTER XXXIII DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS (Continued) 260
CHAPTER XXXIV DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS (Continued) 268
CHAPTER XXXV GASTROSCOPY 273
CHAPTER XXXVI ACUTE STENOSIS OF THE LARYNX 277
CHAPTER XXXVII TRACHEOTOMY 279
CHAPTER XXXVIII CHRONIC STENOSIS OF THE LARYNX AND TRACHEA 300
CHAPTER XXXIX DECANNULATION AFTER CURE OF LARYNGEAL
STENOSIS 309
BIBLIOGRAPHY 311
INDEX 315

[17] CHAPTER I--INSTRUMENTARIUM

Direct laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, esophagoscopy and gastroscopy
are procedures in which the lower air and food passages are
inspected and treated by the aid of electrically lighted tubes
which serve as specula to manipulate obstructing tissues out of the
way and to bring others into the line of direct vision.
Illumination is supplied by a small tungsten-filamented, electric,
"cold" lamp situated at the distal extremity of the instrument in a
special groove which protects it from any possible injury during the
introduction of instruments through the tube. The bronchi and the
esophagus will not allow dilatation beyond their normal caliber;
therefore, it is necessary to have tubes of the sizes to fit
these passages at various developmental ages. Rupture or even
over-distention of a bronchus or of the thoracic esophagus is almost
invariably fatal. The armamentarium of the endoscopist must be
complete, for it is rarely possible to substitute,