P | P |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| R | N | B | Q | K | B | N | R |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
WHITE.

Each player, it will be observed, has eight superior Pieces or officers,
and eight minor ones which are called Pawns; and, for the purpose of
distinction, the Pieces and Pawns of one party are of a different color
from those of the other.

A King [Illustration: Chess Pieces, White and Black Kings.]

A Queen [Illustration: Chess Pieces, White and Black Queens.]

Two Rooks, [Illustration: Chess Pieces, White and Black Rooks.]
or Castles (as they are indiscriminately called)

Two Bishops [Illustration: Chess Pieces, White and Black Bishops.]

Two Knights [Illustration: Chess Pieces, White and Black Knights.]

And each of these Pieces has his Pawn or
Foot-soldier [Illustration: Chess Pieces, White and Black Pawns.]

making in all an array of sixteen men on each side.

On beginning a game, these Pieces and Pawns are disposed in the manner
shown on the foregoing diagram. The King and Queen occupy the centre
squares of the first or "royal" line, as it is called, and each has for
its supporters a Bishop, a Knight, and a Rook, while before the whole
stand the Pawns or Foot-soldiers in a row. (To prevent a common error
among young players, of misplacing the King and Queen on commencing a
game, it is well to bear in mind that at the outset each Queen stands on
her own color.) The Pieces on the King's side of the board are called
the King's, as King's Bishop, King's Knight, King's Rook; and the Pawns
directly in front of them, the King's Pawn, King's Bishop's Pawn, King's
Knight's Pawn, and King's Rook's Pawn. The Pieces on the Queen's side
are, in like manner, called the Queen's Bishop, Queen's Knight, and
Queen's Rook; and the Pawns before them, Queen's Bishop's Pawn, Queen's
Knight's Pawn, and Queen's Rook's Pawn.

MOVEMENT OF THE PIECES AND PAWNS,
AND MODE OF CAPTURING AN ADVERSE MAN.

A knowledge of the moves peculiar to these several men is so difficult
to describe in writing, and so comparatively easy to acquire over the
chess-board, from any competent person, that the learner is strongly
recommended to avail himself of the latter means when practicable: for
the use, however, of those who have no chess-playing acquaintance at