ster.]

[Footnote 23: Schmidt (Histoire des Allemands, tom. ii. p. 211-220,
452-462) gives an abstract of the Penitential of Rhegino in the ninth,
and of Burchard in the tenth, century. In one year, five-and-thirty
murders were perpetrated at Worms.]

[Footnote 24: Till the xiith century, we may support the clear account
of xii. denarii, or pence, to the solidus, or shilling; and xx. solidi
to the pound weight of silver, about the pound sterling. Our money is
diminished to a third, and the French to a fiftieth, of this primitive
standard.]

[Footnote 25: Each century of lashes was sanctified with a recital of a
psalm, and the whole Psalter, with the accompaniment of 15,000 stripes,
was equivalent to five years.]

[Footnote 26: The Life and Achievements of St. Dominic Loricatus was
composed by his friend and admirer, Peter Damianus. See Fleury, Hist.
Eccles. tom. xiii. p. 96-104. Baronius, A.D. 1056, No. 7, who observes,
from Damianus, how fashionable, even among ladies of quality, (sublimis
generis,) this expiation (purgatorii genus) was grown.]

[Footnote 27: At a quarter, or even half a rial a lash, Sancho Panza
was a cheaper, and possibly not a more dishonest, workman. I remember in
Pere Labat (Voyages en Italie, tom. vii. p. 16-29) a very lively picture
of the dexterity of one of these artists.]

[Footnote 28: Quicunque pro sola devotione, non pro honoris vel pecuniae
adoptione, ad liberandam ecclesiam Dei Jerusalem profectus fuerit, iter
illud pro omni poenitentia reputetur. Canon. Concil. Claromont. ii.
p. 829. Guibert styles it novum salutis genus, (p. 471,) and is almost
philosophical on the subject. * Note: See note, page 546.--M.]

[Footnote 29: Such at least was the belief of the crusaders, and such is
the uniform style of the historians, (Esprit des Croisades, tom. iii.
p. 477;) but the prayer for the repose of their souls is inconsistent in
orthodox theology with the merits of martyrdom.]

Chapter LVIII: The First Crusade.--Part II.

Of the chiefs and soldiers who marched to the holy sepulchre, I will
dare to affirm, that all were prompted by the spirit of enthusiasm; the
belief of merit, the hope of reward, and the assurance of divine aid.
But I am equally persuaded, that in many it was not the sole, that in
some it was not the leading, principle of action. The use and abuse of
religion are feeble to stem, they are strong and irresistible to
impel, the stream of national manners. Against th