ernment, and the reverence of distant nations, distinguish him from
the royal crowd; and Europe dates a new aera from his restoration of the
Western empire.

[Footnote 95: By Mably, (Observations sur l'Histoire de France,)
Voltaire, (Histoire Generale,) Robertson, (History of Charles V.,) and
Montesquieu, (Esprit des Loix, l. xxxi. c. 18.) In the year 1782, M.
Gaillard published his Histoire de Charlemagne, (in 4 vols. in 12mo.,)
which I have freely and profitably used. The author is a man of sense
and humanity; and his work is labored with industry and elegance. But I
have likewise examined the original monuments of the reigns of Pepin and
Charlemagne, in the 5th volume of the Historians of France.]

[Footnote 96: The vision of Weltin, composed by a monk, eleven years
after the death of Charlemagne, shows him in purgatory, with a vulture,
who is perpetually gnawing the guilty member, while the rest of his
body, the emblem of his virtues, is sound and perfect, (see Gaillard
tom. ii. p. 317-360.)]

[Footnote 97: The marriage of Eginhard with Imma, daughter of
Charlemagne, is, in my opinion, sufficiently refuted by the probum and
suspicio that sullied these fair damsels, without excepting his own
wife, (c. xix. p. 98-100, cum Notis Schmincke.) The husband must have
been too strong for the historian.]

[Footnote 971: This charge of incest, as Mr. Hallam justly observes,
"seems to have originated in a misinterpreted passage of Eginhard."
Hallam's Middle Ages, vol.i. p. 16.--M.]

[Footnote 98: Besides the massacres and transmigrations, the pain of
death was pronounced against the following crimes: 1. The refusal of
baptism. 2. The false pretence of baptism. 3. A relapse to idolatry. 4.
The murder of a priest or bishop. 5. Human sacrifices. 6. Eating meat
in Lent. But every crime might be expiated by baptism or penance,
(Gaillard, tom. ii. p. 241-247;) and the Christian Saxons became the
friends and equals of the Franks, (Struv. Corpus Hist. Germanicae,
p.133.)]

[Footnote 981: M. Guizot (Cours d'Histoire Moderne, p. 270, 273) has
compiled the following statement of Charlemagne's military campaigns:--

1. Against the Aquitanians.

18. " the Saxons.

5. " the Lombards.

7. " the Arabs in Spain.

1. " the Thuringians.

4. " the Avars.

2. " the Bretons.

1. " the Bavarians.

4. " the Slaves beyond the Elbe

5.