ere disposed of by the
treaty of Gandamak in the spring of 1879, and the final consolidation of
the existing form of Kalat administration was effected by Sandeman's
expedition to Kharan in 1883, and the reconciliation of Azad Khan, the
great Naushirwani chief, with the khan of Kalat. British Baluchistan was
incorporated with British India by the resolution of 1st November 1887, and
divided into two districts--Quetta-Pishin and Thai Chotiali--to be
administered by a deputy-commissioner and a regular staff.

In 1890 and 1891 were carried out that series of politico-military
expeditions which resulted in the occupation of the Zhob valley, the
foundation of the central cantonment of Fort Sandeman, and the extension of
a line of outposts which, commencing at Quetta, may be said to rest on Wana
north of the Gomal. The effect of these expeditions, and of this extension
of military occupation, has been to reduce the independent Pathan tribes of
the Suliman mountains to effective order, and to put a stop to border
raiding on the Indus plains south of the Gomal. In 1893 serious differences
arose between the khan of Kalat and Sir James Browne, who succeeded Sir
Robert Sandeman as agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, arising
out of Mir Khodadad Khan's outrageous conduct in the management of his own
court, and the treatment of his officials. Finally, the khan was deposed,
and his son Mir Mahmud Khan succeeded in November 1893. Since then the most
important change in Baluch administration has been the perpetual lease and
transfer of management to British agency of the Nushki district and Niabat,
with all rights, jurisdiction and administrative power, in lieu of a
perpetual rent of Rs.9000 per annum. This was effected in July 1899. This
secures the direct control of the great highway to Seistan which has been
opened to khafila and railway traffic.

The revenues of the khan of Kalat consist partly of subsidies and partly of
agricultural revenue, the total value being about Rs.500,000 per annum.
Since 1882 he has received Rs.25,000 as government rent for the Quetta
district, besides Rs.30,000 in lieu of transit duties in the Boian; this
has been increased lately by Rs.9000 as already stated. In 1899 the total
imports of Kalat were valued at Rs.700,000, and the exports at Rs.505,000.

AUTHORITIES.--The Seistan Boundary Report of 1873 by Sir F. Goldsmid;
Floyer, _Unexplored Baluchistan_ (London, 1882); T. Thornton, _Life of
Sand