tion the evidence given. The
child is then given "Conditional Baptism," and Baptism is administered
with the conditional words: "If thou art not already baptized,"--for
Baptism cannot be repeated--"I baptize thee in the name of the Father,
and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen." So careful is the
Church both in administering and guarding the essentials of the
Sacrament.

And notice: nothing but the water and the words are _essential_. Other
things may, or may not, be edifying; they are not essential; they are
matters of ecclesiastical regulation, not of Divine appointment. Thus,
a _Priest_ is not essential to a valid Baptism, as he is for a valid
Eucharist. A Priest is the normal, but not the necessary, instrument
of Baptism. "In the absence of a {65} Priest"[2] a Deacon may baptize,
and if the child is _in extremis_, any one, of either sex, may baptize.

Again, _Sponsors_ are not essential to the validity of the Sacrament.
Sponsors are safeguards, not essentials. They are only a part--an
invaluable part--of ecclesiastical regulation. When, in times of
persecution, parents might be put to death, other parents were chosen
as parents-in-God (God-parents)[3] to safeguard the child's Christian
career. Sponsors are "sureties" of the Church, not parts of the
Sacraments. They stand at the font, as fully admitted Church members,
to welcome a new member into the Brotherhood. But a private Baptism
without Sponsors would be a valid Baptism.

So, too, in regard to _Ceremonial_. The mode of administering the
Sacrament may vary: it is not (apart from the matter and words) of the
essence of the Sacrament. There are, in fact, three ways in which
Baptism may be validly administered. It may be administered by
_Immersion_, _Aspersion_, or _Affusion_.

Immersion (_in-mergere_, to dip into) is the original and primitive
form of administration. {66} As the word suggests, it consists of
dipping the candidate into the water--river, bath, or font.

Aspersion (_ad spargere_, to sprinkle upon) is not a primitive form of
administration. It consists in sprinkling water upon the candidate's
forehead.

Affusion (_ad fundere_, to pour upon) is the allowed alternative to
Immersion. It consists in pouring water upon the candidate.

All these methods are valid. Immersion was the Apostolic method, and
explains most vividly the Apostolic teaching (in which the Candidate is
"buried with Christ" by immersion, and rises again