tical axis permits full
variety in the size of the masses used.

_Variety_

The absence of symmetry in a design gives it the character of _variety_,
which may be defined as a state of inequality in the arrangement of the
parts of a design.

In Fig. 17, neither the horizontal axis nor the vertical axis divides
the page so that its units are symmetrically arranged.

_Motion_

In any arrangement, pictorial or decorative, the eye of the observer is
attracted to various parts in succession, depending on their character
and position with respect to each other. This quality, called motion,
will be more pronounced as the several units tend to lead more
definitely from one to another. Fig. 18 shows the path which the eye
follows as it looks at the ornament. In pictorial composition the same
quality is employed to emphasize the story to be told or the character
of the arrangement used by the painter. Then it is called "line." This
quality of design is not to be confused with "action," which is the
depiction of a figure in motion, as shown in Fig. 19.

[Illustration: Fig. 18. The diagram shows the motion of the eye as it
perceives the design above. This motion is due to line entirely, not to
accents of tone.]

[Illustration: Fig. 19. Showing action in the figure depicted, without
motion in design.]

On the printed page the eye may be definitely directed from one unit to
another through this quality of motion, which forms a very valuable
resource for the printer. Fig. 20 is a diagram of a simple use of
motion, the eye progressing as indicated by the arrows through the
masses which make up the page.

[Illustration: Fig. 20. Diagram of motion as employed in advertising
to lead the eye progressively through a page.]

_Ornament_

While the elements of design concern all the parts of a proposed scheme
(on the printed page, its masses of type, decorative border, head-band,
initial letters, tail-piece, etc.) certain parts will be used solely to
beautify the whole design. They ornament or decorate it. "Ornament is a
means by which Beauty or Significance is imparted to Utility."

Ornament may be either Symbolic or Esthetic.

Symbolic ornament consists of elements or forms chosen because they are
significant of the purpose of the design.

In Fig. 22, the ornament is symbolic in its close connection with the
message conveyed by the type.

Esthetic ornament consists of forms chosen for their beauty alone. In
Fi