behind the face,
which modify its development and expression. My lectures upon this
subject in 1842 were attended by the physiognomical writer, Redfield,
who derived from them many important suggestions.

When the lower part of the face is massive, broad, and prominent,
while the basilar region is broad and deep, with a stout neck, we know
the great force and activity of the animal nature, and unless the
upper surface of the brain is well developed all over, we may expect
some excess in the way of violence, temper, selfishness, perversity,
sensuality, dishonesty, avarice, rudeness of manners, moral
insensibility, slander, contentiousness, jealousy, envy, revenge, or
some other form of wickedness, according to the especial conformation.

In the faces of women, we find the activity of the amiable sentiments
marked by the fulness and roseate color of the upper part of the face,
while the lower portion is more delicate than in the masculine face.

But although the facial developments generally correspond with the
activity of the organs expressed, the rule is not invariable, as the
reader will learn hereafter that the facial developments may be
moderate when the character is not excitable or demonstrative.

If the upper surface of the head is sufficiently high, we know that
great capacity for virtue exists, capable of restraining evil
inclinations, and producing admirable traits of character, according
to the organs especially developed.

When we study the special organs we determine the special virtues or
vices. For example, a head may have a good general development upward,
giving many very pleasing traits of character, and yet be so deficient
in the region of conscientiousness (while the selfish group that gives
breadth at the ears is large) as to produce great moral unsoundness
and a treacherous violation of obligations or disregard of principle.

The most delicate task in craniological study, and the most important,
is the balancing of opposite tendencies belonging to antagonistic
organs; and it was for the want of the knowledge of antagonisms that
the Gallian system so often failed in describing character and its
representatives before the public have made the most disastrous
blunders. Shrewd and honest observers discovered the imperfections of
the science.[2]

[2] A letter just received from Australia states that the
writer had for many years been a student of phrenology, and
had ascertain