behind it by physical necessity, as does
the contour of the skull, yet observation induces me to rely upon
estimates based on facial development. I think there is a
correspondence of development between the brain and face, based upon
vital laws, and also a direct influence of each organ upon the surface
that covers it, so that when the organ is excited the surface becomes
flushed, and when it is kept inactive the surface becomes pale and
withered. This may be most readily observed at the organ of Love of
Stimulus, immediately in front of the cavity of the ear. The surface
presents a shrunken appearance after many years of rigid abstinence,
but becomes plump, bloated, or high-colored, in those whose habits are
intemperate. I have also observed an itching sensation at the surface
when the organs behind it were active. Any one may observe a warmth
and fulness in the upper part of the face when the social sentiments
are very active. In the act of blushing, the flush comes upon the part
of the face associated with modest and refined sentiments, the centre
of which is below the external angle of the eye, at the lower margin
of the cheek-bone.

The contrasting development of the upper and lower parts of the face
may be seen when we compare such characters as the enthusiastic
philanthropist and educational reformer, Pestalozzi, and the
high-principled and intellectual Hugh Miller, the Scotch geologist,
with such as Danton, the terrible demagogue of the French revolution,
and Mirabeau, the brilliant but unprincipled orator.

No skilful artist in caricature fails to observe these principles.
When he would degrade a character, he magnifies the lower part of the
face; and when he would represent a more refined character, the lower
part of the face becomes correspondingly delicate.

When _Puck_ would represent, a miserable wretch, he presents such a
head as the following; and when a New York journalist desired to
caricature an opponent as a saloon politician, he diminished the upper
and developed the lower part of the head, as presented here.

[Illustration: WRETCH.]

[Illustration: SALOON POLITICIAN.]

All observers of countenance and character unconsciously act upon
these principles and recognize a great difference in the expressions
of two faces,--one predominant in the lower and the other in the upper
portion of the face. That there was any scientific basis for this was
entirely unknown before my discoveries of the organs