less serious disorders. In 1188, the position was offered
to Roman, Duke of Volhynia. He accepted, but before he could enter the
capital, a duke who had been expelled was reinstalled. After his
death, Roman entered the territory of Galitch, not as an elected duke,
but as a conqueror at the head of an army, and treated the dukedom as
a conquest. He was especially cruel to the boyards, treating their
rights and privileges with scorn. Russian authors praise him; one of
them says that he "walked in the ways of God, exterminated the
heathen, flung himself like a lion upon the infidels, _was savage as a
wild cat, deadly as a crocodile_, swooped down on his prey like an (p. 062)
eagle," which seem strange qualities for praise. Roman died in battle,
in 1205. Mstislaf the Bold conquered Galitch and at his death, in
1228, his son-in-law Daniel became duke.

[Footnote 4: Kostomarof.]

We have seen that, in the 13th century, Russia was divided into a
number of small states, most of them under a duke, but all possessing
some degree of liberty, except in the north where the duke was being
changed into an hereditary monarch. We have also seen that Russia was
part of Europe, and that commercial relations were maintained. At the
same time, just as there had been an invisible but none the less real
dividing line between the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire and the
west of Europe, so with the adoption of the Greek Church, Russia
inherited the oriental type and principles which separated that form
of Christianity from that of Rome. Thus the slight split grew
gradually into a schism, as Western Europe progressed with every
evolution of the Roman Church, whereas Russia remained stationary.

Byzantium or Constantinople, situated at the easternmost edge of
Europe, owing to its intimate association with the Persians who, at
the time represented the Oriental character, was more of an oriental
than a western city; its sympathies were also with its neighbors of
the east. There was thus an oriental tendency in Russia as well as in
the Byzantine Empire, and this vague sentiment enabled Russia to bend
before a blast, which would have withered any nation of a more
pronounced occidental character.

VII--THE YELLOW PERIL. (p. 063)

On the borders of the Chinese Empire, in the northeast of Asia, roamed
a Mongol tribe, known as the Tartars or Tatars. A Chinese author of
that ti