ertullian, de praescr. 20; Clem. Alex., Strom.
VII. 17. 107. Even before Irenaeus and Tertullian the _universality_ of
the Church was emphasised for apologetic purposes. In so far as
universality is a proof of truth, "universal" is equivalent to
"orthodox." This signification is specially clear in expressions like:
[Greek: he en Smurne katholike ekklesia] (Mart. Polyc. XVI. 2). From
Irenaeus, III. 15, 2, we must conclude that the Valentinians called their
ecclesiastical opponents "Catholics." The word itself is not yet found
in Irenaeus, but the idea is there (see I. 10. 2; II. 9. 1, etc.,
Serapion in Euseb., H.E. V. 19: [Greek: pasa he en kosmo adelphotes]).
[Greek: Katholikos] is found as a designation of the orthodox, visible
Church in Mart. Polyc. inscr.: [Greek: hai kata panta topon tes hagias
katholikes ekklesias paroikiai]; 19. 2; 16. 2 (in all these passages,
however, it is probably an interpolation, as I have shown in the
"Expositor" for Dec. 1885, p. 410 f); in the Muratorian Fragment 61, 66,
69; in the anonymous writer in Euseb., H. E. V. 16. 9. in Tertull.
frequently, e.g., de praescr. 26, 30; adv. Marc. III. 22: IV. 4; in Clem.
Alex., Strom. VII. 17. 106, 107; in Hippol. Philos. IX. 12; in Mart.
Pionii 2, 9, 13, 19; in Cornelius in Cypr., epp. 49. 2; and in Cyprian.
The expression "catholica traditio" occurs in Tertull., de monog. 2,
"fides catholica" in Cyprian ep. 25, "[Greek: kanon katholikos]" in the
Mart. Polyc. rec. Mosq. fin. and Cypr. ep. 70. 1, "catholica fides et
religio" in the Mart. Pionii 18. In the earlier Christian literature the
word [Greek: katholikos] occurs in various connections in the following
passages: in fragments of the Peratae (Philos. V. 16), and in Herakleon,
e.g. in Clement, Strom. IV. 9. 71; in Justin, Dial., 81, 102; Athenag.,
27; Theophil. I. 13; Pseudojustin, de monarch. 1, ([Greek: kathol.
doxa]); Iren., III. 11, 8; Apollon. in Euseb., H. E. IV. 18 5, Tertull.,
de fuga 3; adv. Marc. II. 17; IV. 9; Clement, Strom, IV. 15. 97; VI. 6.
47; 7. 57; 8. 67. The addition "catholicam" found its way into the
symbols of the West only at a comparatively late period. The earlier
expressions for the whole of Christendom are [Greek: pasai hai
ekklesiai, ekklesiai kata pasan polin, ekklesiai en kosmo, hai huph'
ouranou], etc.]

[Footnote 147: Very significant is Tertullian's expression in adv. Val.
4: "Valentinus de ecclesia authenticae regulae abrupit," (but probably
this still refers spec