bles for schools and universities. The universities are in Moscow
(4,344 students in 1902); St. Petersburg (3,708); Kief (2,316);
Kharkov (1,340); Dorpat (1,791); Warsaw (1,312); Kasan (823); Odessa
(1,116); and Tomsk (549). Helsingfors, Finland, had 1,211 students
in 1900-1.

Since 1874 military service has been obligatory for all men from
the age of 21. The period of service in European Russia is five
years in the active army (reduced by furloughs to four) 13 in the
Zapas those who have passed through active service and five years
in the Opolchenie, or reserve; in Asiatic Russia, seven years in
the active army and six in the Zapas; and in Caucasia, three years
in the active army and 15 in the Zapas. The Opolchenie is a reserve
force of drilled conscripts.

The Cossacks (Don, Kuban Terek, Astrakhan, Orenburg, Ural, Siberia,
Semiryetchensk, Transbaikalia, Amur and Usuri) are divided in three
classes; the first in active service, the second on furlough with
their arms and horses; the third with arms and without horses. Some
of the Cossack cavalry serves with the regular cavalry. Military
service is also obligatory in Finland.

The Russian army consists of 31 corps. The lowest estimate of its
peace strength is about 1,100,000 with 42,000 officers; the war
strength about 75,000 officers, 4,500,000 men and 562,000 horses.

Owing to its widely separated seas, the Russian navy maintains
four squadrons: the Baltic, the Black Sea, the Pacific and the
Caspian. Cronstadt is the chief base of the Baltic Fleet; Sebastopol
of the Black Sea; and Vladivostok and Port Arthur of the Pacific.
The Caspian fleet is comparatively insignificant. In 1903, the navy
consisted of 26 battleships, 14 coast defence ships, 24 first-class
cruisers, 15 second-class cruisers, 161 gunboats and torpedo craft.

The ocean shipping of the Russian Empire is not relatively large,
but its lake and river shipping is very extensive. In 1900, the
sea-going marine consisted of 2,293 sailing vessels and 745 steamers.

The total length of railway open for traffic and travel on January
1, 1903, was 35,336 miles (not including 1,753 miles in Finland).
Of this 4,965 miles were in Asiatic Russia.

The legal unit of money is the silver rouble of 100 kopecks of
the value of 2s. 1.6d., or about fifty cents of American money.
The coins called imperial and half-imperial contain 15 and 7-1/2
roubles respectively. There are also credit notes of 100, 25, 10,
5, 3 and 1