nsion in the Levant early brought them into close contact. For
Byzantine diplomacy see ROMAN EMPIRE, LATER: _Diplomacy_.

[7] See Eugenio Alberi, _Le Relazioni degli ambasciatori Veneti al
senato_, 15 vols. (Florence, 1839-1863).

[8] The _apocrisiarii_ ([Greek: apokrisiarioi]) or _responsales_
should perhaps be mentioned, though they certainly did not set the
precedent for the modern permanent missions. They were resident
agents, practically legates, of the popes at the court of
Constantinople. They were established by Pope Leo I., and continued
until the Iconoclastic controversy broke the intimate ties between
East and West. See Luxardo, _Das vordekretalische Gesandtschaftsrecht
der Papste_ (Innsbruck, 1878); also Hinschius, _Kirchenrecht_, i.
501.

[9] N. Bianchi, _Le Materie politiche relative all' estero degli
archivi di stato piemontese_ (Bologna, Modena, 1875), p. 29.

[10] Ib. Note 2, _teneamus et deputemus ibidem continue mansurum._

[11] The first ambassador of Venice to visit England was Zuanne da
Lezze, who came in 1319 to demand compensation for the plundering of
Venetian ships by English pirates.

[12] Germonius, _De legatis principum et populorum libri tres_ (Rome,
1627), chap. vi. p. 164; Paschalius, _Legatus_ (Rouen, 1598), p. 302.
Etienne Dolet, who had been secretary to Cardinal Jean du Bellay, and
was burned for atheism in 1546, in his _De officio legati_ (1541)
advises ambassadors to surround themselves with taciturn servants, to
employ vigilant spies, and to set afoot all manner of fictions,
especially when negotiating with the court of Rome or with the
Italian princes.

[13] See Pearsall Smith, _Sir Henry Wotton_, pp. 49, 126 et seq.

[14] Francois de Callieres, _De la maniere de negocier avec les
souverains_ (Brussels, 1716). See also A. Sorel, _Recueil des
instructions donnees aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France_ (Paris,
1884), e.g. vol. _Autriche_, pp. 77, 88, 102, 112.

[15] "Nova res est, quod sciam, et infelicis hujus aetatis infelix
partus.... Hinc oriri securitatem universorum, hinc stabiliri pacem
gentium. Quae utinam tam vere dicerentur, quam speciose. Ego quidem,
ne quid dissimulem, ab istis seorsum sentio. Nimirum, effoeta
virtutis, foecunda fraudis haec saecula video peperisse spissata haec
imperia, sive summas potestates, unde, ut e vomitariis