nd be careful not to stamp a thing
as known when you do not yet know it. Count a thing known only when it
is stamped on your mind, so that you may survey it on all sides with
intelligence.

There is such a thing as a man endeavouring to persuade himself, and
endeavouring to persuade others, that he knows about things when
he does not know more than the outside skin of them; and he goes
flourishing about with them. ("Hear, hear," and a laugh.) There is
also a process called cramming in some Universities (a laugh)--that
is, getting up such points of things as the examiner is likely to put
questions about. Avoid all that as entirely unworthy of an honourable
habit. Be modest, and humble, and diligent in your attention to what
your teachers tell you, who are profoundly interested in trying to
bring you forward in the right way, so far as they have been able
to understand it. Try all things they set before you, in order, if
possible, to understand them, and to value them in proportion to your
fitness for them. Gradually see what kind of work you can do; for it
is the first of all problems for a man to find out what kind of work
he is to do in this universe. In fact, morality as regards study is,
as in all other things, the primary consideration, and overrides
all others. A dishonest man cannot do anything real; and it would be
greatly better if he were tied up from doing any such thing. He does
nothing but darken counsel by the words he utters. That is a very old
doctrine, but a very true one; and you will find it confirmed by
all the thinking men that have ever lived in this long series of
generations of which we are the latest.

I daresay you know, very many of you, that it is now seven hundred
years since Universities were first set up in this world of ours.
Abelard and other people had risen up with doctrines in them the
people wished to hear of, and students flocked towards them from all
parts of the world. There was no getting the thing recorded in books
as you may now. You had to hear him speaking to you vocally, or else
you could not learn at all what it was that he wanted to say. And so
they gathered together the various people who had anything to teach,
and formed themselves gradually, under the patronage of kings
and other potentates who were anxious about the culture of their
populations, nobly anxious for their benefit, and became a University.

I daresay, perhaps, you have heard it said that all that is grea