tally throws new light upon the fundamental composition of the
orchestra.

Full _Tutti_.

The word _tutti_ generally means the simultaneous use of all
instruments, but the word "all" is used relatively, and it must not be
inferred that every single instrument must necessarily be employed to
form a _tutti_. In order to simplify the following illustrations I
will divide the word into two classes, _full tutti_ and _partial
tutti_,--independently of whether the orchestra is constructed in
pairs, in three's, or a larger number of instruments. I call _full
tutti_ the combination of all melodic groups, strings, wind, and
brass. By _partial tutti_ I mean passages in which the brass group
only takes part, whether two horns or two trumpets participate alone,
or whether two horns are combined with one or three trombones, without
tuba, trumpets, or the two remaining horns, etc.:

[4 Horns, 2 Horns 2 Horns ]
[... or 2 Trumpets, or ... etc. ]
[... ... 3 Trombones].

In both species of _tutti_ full wood-wind may be employed or not,
according to the register and musical context of the passage. For
instance, in the extreme high register it may be essential to include
the piccolo; in the low register flutes will be unnecessary, and yet
the passage can still be called _tutti_. The inclusion of
kettle-drums, harp, and other instruments of little sustaining power,
as of the percussion in general, does not come under discussion.

The variety of orchestral operations increases with the number of
instruments forming a _tutti_, in fact, so great does it become that
it is impossible to consider all combinations. I can only give a few
examples of full and partial _tutti_, and leave the reader to draw his
own conclusions. Some of these examples fall under the double heading
of full and partial _tutti_, and the student is reminded that the
_tutti_ is used essentially in _forte_ and _fortissimo_, rarely in
_pianissimo_ and _piano_ passages.

_Examples:_

_Snegourotchka_ [[61]] and [[62]]--Partial and full _Tutti_.

" [[231]] Partial _Tutti_, without the trumpets
(cf. Ex. 8).

No. 204. _Snegourotchka_ [[216]]--Full _Tutti_.

" [[325-326]]--Full _Tutti_ and chorus
(cf. Ex. 8).

_Sadko_ [[3]], [[223]], [[239]]--Full _Tutti_ (cf. Ex. 86).

No. 205-206. _Sadko_ [[173]], [[177]]--Full _Tutti_ with chorus,
differently scor