lization, to distinguish it from savagery and barbarism.
The only difference will be that in the period of civilization
proper--that is, from ten thousand years ago to the end of the
fifteenth century after Christ, when the established social order began
to break up--the monopoly of initiative and control is practically
absolute. As we trace the future steps in human evolution, we shall see
how this concentration of power in the hands of rulers occurred. But it
must be further observed that it is not only rudimentary civilization
which we detect as ensuing upon the introduction of the use of fire: it
is trade, socialized wealth, the division of the community into the
"haves" and the "have-nots," the introduction of the working of the
law, that to him that hath shall be given and that from him that hath
nothing but his labor to offer shall be taken with it his liberty also.
It should likewise be borne in mind that with the stealing of fire from
heaven came also that coalition of government with trade, of politics
with commerce, of the monopolists of economic power with the dictators
of life and death, of peace and war, which is manifested to the highest
conceivable degree to-day in the states most assertive of their
leadership in the vanguard of civilization. I said that with the use of
fire came the enslavement of men; but government and enslavement were
one and the same thing. Neither, however, was as yet dominant over
social life.

XV. ARROWS AND EARTHENWARE

The talking, fire-using anthropoid in the course of time invented the
bow and arrow. So great and so enduring were the benefits of this new
device that it is almost impossible for us, who have profited by them,
to imagine the state of human society when men could kill animals or
destroy enemies only by throwing stones or clubs, or by striking with
the fist. But it is easy to see that the chief of a tribe of men
received an incalculable increase of power when, besides the
instruments of ignition, bows and arrows were in his possession to deal
out at his will. Whatever equality of initiative and diffused
sovereignty had existed before the use of fire was known, it now began
to vanish, and the men of any tribe saw power concentrated in the will
and word of the chief and those nearest him, while submission to his
command was the condition of survival. And no doubt, with the loss of
that individual liberty and that self-reliance which characterize the
lower