d wall,
and that within this first wall is another, flanked with protecting
towers; that the City entrance is most jealously guarded by a strong
gate first: then by a narrow way passing under a tower: then over a
bridge. In all mediaeval castles the first thought was to make it
impossible to carry the place by a rush. If we would restore the Tower
of Queen Elizabeth to the Tower of Edward III. we must abolish all those
buildings which stand on the north and east sides, with those called
'Lieutenants' Lodgings' on the south. The space on the north side of the
Keep was the exercising ground: stables there must have been somewhere
in this great area; the men at arms would live in the smaller towers. If
you will study this plan carefully, you will understand the general
arrangement of a mediaeval castle.

In the sixteenth century the place was no longer regarded as a fortress
for the defence or the domination of the City. But the old forms were
kept up: nobody was admitted who carried arms: the guard kept the gate:
a garrison was maintained. Within, there was an armoury, the beginning
of the splendid collection which is now shown: there was a Mint for the
coining of money: there were collections of tapestry, saddles, bed
furniture and robes belonging to the Crown: here were kept the Crown and
sceptre and insignia: here was the Royal menagerie. Here were the rooms
reserved for state criminals. It was no longer the Royal Palace but the
sovereign sometimes occupied the Tower. James the First was here, for
instance, in 1604.

Near the outer gate where is now the Refreshment Room were kept the
King's lions. Henry I. began this menagerie which was continued until
the year 1834. At the entrance of the fortress is the Bell Tower where
Queen Elizabeth was once confined. The Water Gate called Traitors' Gate
is under St. Thomas's Tower. The Beauchamp Tower has been the prison of,
among others, Queen Anne Boleyn and Lady Jane Grey. In the Great White
Tower Richard II. abdicated in favour of Henry IV. In the vaults are
dungeons, once the prison of Guy Fawkes. In the Chapel the newly made
Knights of the Bath watched their armour all night long. The collection
of arms contains examples of weapons and armour of every age. In the
Church of St. Peter ad Vincula you will find the graves of the
unfortunate Princes, Queens, and nobles who have been executed for State
offences. Nothing, except the Royal tombs of Westminster, so much helps
to p