ored kernels.

I have a few Thomas walnuts planted on the edges of the lowest flat
ground I possess, hoping that they may there get more moisture and
produce completely matured nuts.

We had on August 9th about one inch of rain and since that 2-1/2 inches
more. So far, throughout this month, I have been carrying about 15
gallons of water daily to two Rohwer trees and hope for some better
filled walnuts, though they are unusually small. I am writing this
August 24th.

Nut Trees for Ohio Pastures

By Dr. Oliver D. Diller, Wooster, Ohio

Today I would like to discuss for a few minutes the possibilities of nut
trees for shade and nut production in permanent pastures on Ohio farms.

One of the most important developments in Ohio agriculture during the
past decade has been improvement of pasture land through fertilization,
new varieties, and combinations of grasses and clovers, and better
methods of management. As one drives over the State it is evident that
many farmers practice "clean" agriculture which means clean fence rows
and treeless fields. Shade on a hot summer day is an important item to
contented cows, so today I am going to plead the case for a cow out on
pasture on a sweltering day. I believe that nut trees, particularly
black walnuts, can be of real service in the fence rows and the interior
of hundreds of permanent pastures in Ohio.

In 1939, L. R. Neel,[7] of the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment
Station, published an interesting article on the effect of shade on
pasture. The results indicated distinct improvement in the carrying
capacity of the pastures which had black locust and black walnuts spaced
regularly throughout the fields. Improvement was evident both in the
amount of Kentucky bluegrass and the pounds of beef produced. So far as
I know, no evaluation has ever been made of the direct effect of shade
on the contentment and consequent increase in efficiency of cattle for
either beef or milk production. I believe this is an important factor
and is frequently used as an excuse for woodland grazing.

[Footnote 7: Neel, L. R., 1939. The effect of shade on pasture. Tenn.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 65.]

Another study similar to the one in Tennessee was conducted by R. M.
Smith in southeastern Ohio during the period 1939 to 1941.[8] Dr. Smith
made an intensive study of the effects of black locust and black walnuts
upon ground covers and he found that in poor pastures black walnut trees
improved b