d laborers, $1 per day.
Professional caulkers wanted $5 per day. Carpenters, blacksmiths, and
boiler-makers made good caulkers; their work is standing perfectly under
a 275-lb. service.

The cost of the pumping plants complete per horse-power is as follows:

Pumps $79.00
Boilers 18.70
Building 41.70
------
Total $139.40 per h.p.

The approximate cost per million gallons of storage capacity is as
follows:

Nogal Storage Reservoir $103.00
Carrizozo Service " 3,040.00
Coyote " " 2,880.00
Luna " " 3,480.00
Corona " " 2,720.00

To cover general expense, 3% should be added to all the costs above
given. The costs per foot of pipe-laying include the setting of all
specials, valves, and stand-pipes. The difference of cost in laying
11-in. and 3-1/2-in. wood pipe is not nearly as great as the difference
in diameter or the total quantity laid on record days. While the record
is 4,000 ft. and 8,345 ft., the 76 miles of pipe of all diameters were
laid in a total time, including all delays, of 223 days, or an average
of only 1723 ft. per day. The cost of the 11-in. pipe is covered by 7
cents per ft. The pipe was laid by a single gang as fast as it was
received from the factory.

The reduction from 7 to 3-1/2 in. at Mile 230 (Plate V) is on account of
delivering water to the Santa Fe's new transcontinental low-grade line
which crosses the El Paso and Southwestern Railway at Vaughn, and has a
division point there. On its adjacent divisions, the Santa Fe had the
same trouble with local waters which compelled the El Paso and
Southwestern to find a better supply. The Bonito water is conducted to
and used at points 160 miles from its origin on Bonito Creek.

DISCUSSION

G.E.P. SMITH, ASSOC. M. AM. SOC. C.E. (by letter).--The author has done
great service to the West in demonstrating the practicability of
transporting small water supplies to great distances.

Close association with the desert is required to appreciate fully its
waterless condition. For most of the year there are no living waters on
the surface. As a rule, ground-waters are concentrated beneath very
limited areas of valley land. The great masses of valley fill in some
places are underdrained to great depths and in other places are so
compacted and cemented as to be impervious. Wells sometimes are driven
from 1,000 to 2,000 ft., without securing any supply at all. Moreover