p. 206, _note_.

[479] S. John's College Audit-Book, 1563-4, _Exp. Necess._

[480] _Commiss. Docts._ (Cambridge), II. 309.

[481] _Arch. Hist._ III. 454.

[482] Sen. Burs. Accounts, 1600-1, _Recepta_.

[483] _Memorials of the Craft of Surgery in England_, ed. D'Arcy Power.
8vo. London 1886, p. 230.

[484] Herbert, _Inns of Court_, p. 303.

[485] _Documents relating to St Catharine's College_, ed. H. Philpott,
D.D., p. 125.

[486] _Voyage Liturgique de la France_, by Le Sieur de Moleon, 1718. I
have to thank Dr James for this reference.

[487] _Old Church Libraries_, _ut supra_, p. 102.

[488] Eton College Minute Book, 19 December, 1719.

[489] Macray, _ut supra_, p. 86. The inconvenience of chaining had long
been felt for in _The Foreigner's Companion through the Universities_, by
Mr Salmon, 1748, it is objected that "the books being chain'd down, there
is no bringing them together even in the Library," p. 27.

[490] King's College Mundum Book, 1777: _Smith's work_. "To a man's time 9
Dayes to take the Chains of the books L1. 7_s._ 0_d._"

[491] Churton's _Lives of Smyth and Sutton_, p. 311, _note_.

[492] Henderson's _History_, p. 237.

[493] _Voy. Litt._, ed. 1724, Vol. III. p. 24.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE WALL-SYSTEM. THIS BEGAN ON THE CONTINENT. LIBRARY OF THE ESCORIAL.
AMBROSIAN LIBRARY AT MILAN. LIBRARY OF CARDINAL MAZARIN. BODLEIAN LIBRARY
AT OXFORD. WORKS AND INFLUENCE OF WREN. FRENCH CONVENTUAL LIBRARIES OF THE
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.

While in England we were struggling with the difficulties of adapting
medieval forms of libraries and bookcases to the ever-increasing number of
volumes, a new system was initiated on the continent, which I propose to
call the wall-system.

It seems so natural to us to set our bookshelves against a wall instead of
at right angles to it, that it is difficult to realize that there was a
time when such an arrangement was an innovation. Such however was the
case. I believe that this principle was first introduced into a library at
the Escorial, which Philip the Second of Spain began in 1563, and
completed 13 September, 1584. I do not mean by this sentence that nobody
ever set bookshelves against a wall before the third quarter of the
sixteenth century. I have shewn above, when discussing the catalogue of
Dover Priory[494], that the books stood on pieces of furniture which were
probably so treated; and it is not uncommon in illuminated manuscripts to
see a writ