the same opinion when I made those remarks that I entertain now--that
citizenship of the United States, in consequence of birth, does not
make a party a citizen of the State in which he is born unless the
Constitution and laws of the State recognize him as a citizen. Now,
what does this bill propose? All born within the United States are to
be considered citizens of the United States, and as such shall have in
every State all the rights that belong to any body else in the State
as far as the particular subjects stated in the bill are concerned.
Now, I did suppose, and I shall continue to suppose, it to be clear,
unless I am met with the almost paramount authority of the Chairman of
the Judiciary Committee, that citizenship, by way of birth, conferred
on the party as far as he and the United States were concerned, is not
a citizenship which entitles him to the privilege of citizenship
within the State where he is born; if it be true, and I submit that it
is true beyond all doubt, that over the question of State citizenship
the authority of the State Government is supreme.

"Now, the honorable member is confounding the _status_ of a citizen of
the United States and the _status_ of a citizen of the United States
who as such is a citizen of the State of his residence. Maintaining,
as I do, that there is no authority to make any body a citizen of the
United States so as to convert him thereby into a citizen of a State,
there is no authority in the Constitution for this particular bill,
which says that because he is a citizen of the United States he is to
be considered a citizen of any State in which he may be at any time
with reference to the rights conferred by this bill."

Mr. Trumbull replied: "I desire simply to remark that the speech from
which I quoted, made by the Senator from Maryland, was made upon this
very bill. It was in reference to this bill that he was speaking when
he laid down the proposition that every person born in the United
States since the abolition of slavery was a citizen of the United
States, and if there was any doubt about it, it was proper for us to
declare them so, and not only proper, but our duty to do so; and to
make the matter specific, the honorable Senator voted for this
proposition, which I will now read, on the yeas and nays:

"'All persons born in the United States, and not subject to
any foreign Power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby
declared to be citizens of