ministers of
the Gospel and the school masters are German. In
the cities the middle classes are Germans. But the
workingmen are Esthonians or Livonians. The
Russians are only represented in the large cities
by officials.

"It was in the middle of the twelfth century that
the first German settlements were made at the
mouth of the Dina. In 1201, Riga was founded, and,
in 1202, the Order of the Knights of the Sword. In
1237 this Order was united with the powerful Order
of the Teutonic Knights. There was no thought then
of the Muscovites. From Marienburg to Riga it is
five hundred kilometres, from Koenigsburg to Riga,
three hundred and fifty, to Moscow eight hundred
and fifty. Moscow was then going through a very
difficult period. In 1225, the battle of the
Kalka took place which put an end to the power of
the great Russian Princes.

"From Riga to Kalka, Dantzig, Stettin and Lubeck,
there was sea communication. The all powerful
merchant marine of the Hanseatic League was at its
height...."

Tannenberg describes how these provinces finally became part of
Russia and adds:

"Courland, Livonia and Esthonia became the model
provinces of the whole Empire. The German nobility
furnished Russia with its generals and its high
officials: the University of Dorpat was founded
and was the model of the high schools created
later in Russia.... The University of Dorpat
exchanged its professors with the other German
high schools of the Russian Empire. The students
of the Baltic provinces passed several terms in
the German Universities of the South and East of
Germany and then returned to Dorpat to undergo
their examinations to enter in the service of the
Baltic or Russian State.

"One encounters constantly in our literature
allusions to the Baltic provinces. Kant, the
philosopher of pure reason, published his work at
Riga.... In the time of Goethe students from
Courland and Livonia visited the great of Weimar.
Richard Wagner commenced at Riga his theatrical
and musical career."

Tannenberg speaks of the revolution after the defeat by the
Japanese of the Russian troops in these provinces when the
castles of the German Barons were besieged by the people and
says, "The cry of indignation resounded through all Germany. A