serves as the cure of souls.

The pioneer days are gone. Only in the Southern Appalachian region are
there arrested communities in which, in our time, the ways of our
American ancestors are seen. The community builder cannot change the
type of his people. He can only wait for the change, and enable his
people to conform to the new type. For this process new industries, new
ways of getting a living are necessary. The teacher or pastor can do
something to guide his people in the selection of constructive instead
of destructive industry.

In East Tennessee and in the mountain counties of North Carolina
lumbering industries are for the time being employing the people. The
result will be a deeper impoverishment; for the timber is the people's
greatest source of actual and potential wealth. The leaders of the
mountain people should teach reforestation with a view to maintaining
the people's future wealth.

In a mountain county of Kentucky a minister seeing that his people
needed a new economic life, before they could receive the religious life
of the new type, organized an annual county fair. To this he brought,
with the help of outside friends, a breed of hogs better than his
mountain people knew. He cultivated competition in local industries,
weaving and cooking; and started his people on the path of economic
success of a new type.

In conclusion, the pioneer was individualistic and emotional. These
traits were caused by his economic experience. While that experience
lasted, he could be made no other sort of man than this. To this type
his home and his business life and his church conformed. Within these
characteristics the efficiency of his social life was to be found.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: "The Agrarian Changes in the Middle West," by J. B. Ross,
in American Journal of Economics, December, 1910.]

[Footnote 2: Rev. Norman C. Schenck.]

[Footnote 3: Rev. Norman C. Schenck.]

[Footnote 4: "Youth," by G. Stanley Hall.]

[Footnote 5: Story of John Frederick Oberlin by Augustus Field Beard,
1909.]

II

THE LAND FARMER

I shall use the term land farmer to describe the man who tilled the soil
in all parts of the country after pioneer days. He is usually called
simply the farmer. This is the type with which we are most familiar in
our present day literature and in dramatic representations of the
country. The land farmer, or farmer, is the typical countryman who in
the Middle West about 1835 succeeded