rmers, and the inability of the farmer to sell wisely and
at the same time honestly. Contrasting the farmer in his knowledge of
financial obligation with the broker in the Stock Exchange, the latter
type stands out in strong contrast as an admirable example of financial
honesty to contracts, even if they be verbal only. The farmer on the
other hand has no conception of the relations on which the financial
system must be built. He is not an exploiter to begin with, but a
farmer.

The transition from the older economy to the new is illustrated in the
dairy industry which surrounds every great city. The dairy farmer has
ideas of right and wrong which are purely individualistic. He believes
that he should not cheat the customer in the quantity of milk. He
recognizes that it is wrong, therefore, to water the milk, but he has no
conception of social morality concerning milk. He gives full measure:
but he cares nothing about purity of milk. He is restless and feels
himself oppressed under the demands of the inspector from the city, for
ventilation of his barns and for protection of the milk from impurity. I
have known few milk farmers who believed in giving pure milk and I never
knew one whose conscience was at ease in watering milk. That is, they
all believe in good measure and none believes in the principle of
sanitation. They stand at the transition from the old economy to the
new.

A story is told among agricultural teachers in New York State to the
effect that an inspector following the trail of disease in a small city
traced it to impure milk supplied by a certain farm. In the absence of
the man he insisted on inspecting the dairy arrangements, being followed
from room to room by the farmer's indignant wife. Finally he said, "Show
me the strainer which you use in the milk," and she brought an old
shirt, very much soiled. Looking at it in dismay the inspector said,
"Could you not, at least, use a clean shirt?" At this the woman's
patience gave way and she declared, "Well, you needn't expect me to use
a clean shirt to strain dirty milk!"

The packing of apples for market illustrates the transition from the
farmer economy in which the ethical standards are those of the
household, or family group, to the world economy in which the moral
standards are those of the world market. Apples are packed by all
classes of farmers, regardless of varying religious profession, in an
indifferent manner. The typical farmer hopes by comp