ore _Wapasa_ means the Standard--and not the "Leaf-Shaker," as
many writers have it. The principal village of these hereditary chiefs
was _Ke-uk-sa_, or _Ke-o-sa_,--where now stands the fair city of Winona.
_Ke-uk-sa_ signifies--The village of law-breakers; so called because
this band broke the law or custom of the Dakotas against marrying blood
relatives of any degree. I get this information from Rev. Stephen R.
Riggs, author of the Dakota Grammar and Dictionary, "_Takoo Wakan_,"
etc. _Wapasa_, grandfather of the last chief of that name, and a
contemporary of _Cetan-Wa-ka-wa-mani_, was a noted chief, and a friend
of the British in the war of the Revolution. _Neill's Hist. Minn._, pp.
225-9.

[9] _E-ho, E-to_--Exclamations of surprise and delight.

[10] _Mah-gah_--The wild-goose.

[11] _Tee-pee_--A lodge or wigwam, often contracted to "_tee_."

[12] Pronounced _Mahr-pee-yah-doo-tah_--literally, Cloud Red.

[13] Pronounced _Wahnmdee_--The War Eagle. Each feather worn by a warrior
represents an enemy slain or captured--man, woman or child; but the
Dakotas, before they became desperate under the cruel warfare of their
enemies, usually spared the lives of their captives, and never killed
women or infants, except in rare instances under the _lex talionis_.
_Neill's Hist. Minn._, p. 112.

[14] _Mah-to_--The polar bear--_ursus maritimus_. The Dakotas say that in
olden times white bears were often found about Rainy Lake and the Lake
of the Woods in winter, and sometimes as far south as the mouth of the
Minnesota. They say one was once killed at White Bear Lake (but a few
miles from St. Paul and Minneapolis), and they therefore named the lake
Mede Mato--White Bear Lake, literally--Lake White Bear.

[15] The _Ho-he_ (Ho-hay) are the Assiniboins or "Stone-roasters." Their
home is the region of the Assiniboin River in Manitoba. They speak the
Dakota tongue, and originally were a band of that nation. Tradition says
a Dakota "Helen" was the cause of the separation and a bloody feud that
lasted for many years. The _Hohes_ are called "Stone-roasters," because,
until recently at least, they used _wa-ta-pe_ kettles and vessels made
of birch bark in which they cooked their food. They boiled water in
these vessels by heating stones and putting them in the water. The
_wa-ta-pe_ kettle is made of the fibrous roots of the white cedar
interlaced and tightly woven. When the vessel is soaked it becomes
water-tight. [_Snelling's_] _Tales o