g all things, whenever its guides, as widely astray as itself,
shall point out an enemy or an obstacle to its fury."

How quickly the disenchantments come! Already Lafayette, the man of
generous illusions, has had to imitate the conduct of those _emigres_
on whom he has been so severe. He has fled to a foreign land, and
found there not a refuge, but a prison. He will {390} remain more than
five years in the gloomy fortress of Olmutz. The victor of Valmy,
Dumouriez, will hardly be more fortunate. He will go over to the
enemy, and live in exile on a pension from foreign powers. How close
together deceptions and recantations come! Marat, who had already said
to the inhabitants of the capital: "Eternal cockneys, with what
epithets would I not assail you in the transports of my despair, if I
knew any more humiliating than that of Parisians?"[1] Marat, who had
said to all Frenchmen: "No, no; liberty is not made for an ignorant,
light, and frivolous nation, for cits brought up in fear,
dissimulation, knavery, and lying, nourished in cunning, intrigue,
sycophancy, avarice, and swindling, subsisting only by theft and
rapine, aspiring after nothing but pleasures, titles, and decorations,
and always ready to sell themselves for gold!"[2] Marat will write,
May 7th, 1793, that is to say, at the apogee of his favorite political
system: "All measures taken up to the present day by the assemblies,
constituent, legislative, and conventional, to establish and
consolidate liberty, have been thoughtless, vain, and illusory, even
supposing them to have been taken in good faith. The greater part seem
to have had for their object to perpetuate oppression, bring on
anarchy, death, poverty, and famine; to make the people weary of their
independence, to make liberty a burden, to cause them to {391} detest
the Revolution, through its excessive disorders, to exhaust them by
watching, fatigue, want, and inanition, to reduce them to despair by
hunger, and to bring them back to despotism by civil war."[3]

There were six ministers appointed on August 10. Two of them, Claviere
and Roland, will kill themselves; two others, Lebrun-Tondu and Danton,
will be guillotined; the remaining two, Servan and Monge, are destined
to become, one a general of division under Napoleon, and the other a
senator of the Empire and Count of Peluse; and when, at the beginning
of his reign, the Emperor complains to the latter because there are
still partisans of t