Offenders Act 1887);
if a boy is over 7 and under 12, not more than 6 strokes, if he is over
12, but under 14, not more than 12 strokes may be inflicted; the
birch-rod is to be used, and the punishment is to be given by a police
constable in the presence of a superior officer, and of the parent or
guardian if he desire it.

In Scotland the whipping of male offenders under 14 is regulated by
the Prisons (Scotland) Act 1860, S 74, the Whipping Act 1862, and S
514 of the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1892; and offenders over 16 may
not be whipped for offences against person or property (Whipping Act
1862, S 2).

In Ireland the law is in substance the same as in England; for special
statutes see official _Index to Statutes_ (ed. 1905), p. 985, art.
Punishment, 6.

The flogging of women is prohibited throughout British India (Code of
Criminal Procedure, Act v. of 1898, S 393) and the British colonies,
where the infliction of corporal punishment by judicial order is in
the main regulated on the lines of modern English legislation. In some
British colonies the list of offences punishable by whipping is larger
than in England (see Queensland Criminal Code 1899, arts. 212, 213,
216).

In the United States whipping is not a legal punishment under the
Federal Law (Revised Stats. U.S. S 5327). But in some of the states of
the Union whipping is inflicted under statute, and is not held cruel or
unusual within the Federal Constitution (1 Bishop, _Amer. Crim. Law_,
8th ed., S 947). In Delaware wife-beating and certain offences against
property by males are punishable with flogging; and in Maryland the same
punishment is applicable for wife-beating. Flogging is in force as a
disciplinary measure in some penal institutions.

It has been suggested by Laurent (_Principes de droit civil francais_
(1870), vol. iv. S 275) that the express definition in the French Code
Civil (arts. 371 et seq.) of parental rights over children excludes the
power of corporal punishment. But this view is not generally accepted.
The parental right of moderate chastisement is expressly reserved in the
Civil Code of Spain (art. 155, 2). Flogging is not recognized as a legal
punishment by the French Code Penal, nor by the Penal Codes of Germany,
Italy, Spain or Portugal. (See also WHIPPING OR FLOGGING.) (A. W. R.)

CORPORATION (from Lat. _corporare_, to form into a body, _corpus_,
_corporis_), in English law, an associat