eption, far
from wishing to hamper the towns in their land investments, have often
urged the towns to buy as much land as possible and not to sell"
(Dawson, p. 123).

"Within the present year the little town of Kalbe, on the Saale,
expended just L14 a head on its 12,000 inhabitants in buying for
L468,000 a large estate for the purpose of creating a number of
smallholdings and labourers' allotments. During the period 1880 to
1908 Breslau expended over one million and a half pounds in the
purchase of land within the communal area. Berlin has an estate more
than three times greater than its administrative area. In 1910 alone
seventy-three of the large towns of Germany bought land to the
aggregate extent of 9,584 acres and to the aggregate value of over
four million pounds sterling. Charlottenburg now owns 2,500 acres of
land as yet not built upon, with a value of over a million and a
quarter pounds, and the value of all its real estate is about four and
a half million pounds sterling. In 1886 Freiburg, in Baden, owned
nearly 11,000 acres of land with a value of L925,000. In 1909 its
estate was only 2,000 acres larger, but its value was then
L2,300,000."

"Since 1891 Ulm, under the rule of a mayor convinced of the wisdom of
a progressive land policy and strong enough to carry it out, has
bought some 1,280 acres of land at different times for L316,000, while
it has sold 420 acres for L406,000, showing a cash profit of L900,000,
apart from the addition of 860 acres to the town estate. As a result
of Ulm's land policy, its assets increased between 1891 and 1909 from
L583,500 to L1,990,000, an increase of L1,407,000, equal to L25 a head
of the population. Another result is that of the larger towns of
Wuertemberg only one has a lower taxation than Ulm. It is solely owing
to its successful land policy that this enterprising town, without
imposing heavy burdens on the general body of ratepayers, has been
able to undertake a programme of social reforms which has created for
it an honourable reputation throughout Germany."

VII.

In quite a different direction, in the encouragement of Art and
Literature, the German municipality plays a leading part.

"The budgets of most large and many small German towns contain an
item, greater or less according to local circumstances, which is
intended to cover 'provision for the intellectual life of the town.'
This item is independent of expenditure on schools, and, if analyzed,
will be