d the independents, but also the hostile
attitude of students towards the Faculty." It lasted for just four
issues and was succeeded by the _University Magazine_, which quietly
died after one gasp, leaving the independents with no representation
until 1866 when the _Castalia_ appeared. This survived through five
issues, not to appear again until 1890 when the independents revived it
as the _Castalian_, also merged in 1893 in the _Michiganensian_.

A combination of two publications which followed the old _Castalia_ in
1867, the _University Chronicle_, an eight-page fortnightly of sometimes
"rather hot discussions," and the _University Magazine_, which had been
a most creditable student enterprise, produced one of the long-standing
student papers, the _Chronicle_, the first number of which appeared in
September, 1869. For the first few years of its existence, it was one of
the best college papers in the country, though it made great capital of
the hostile attitude of the students towards the Regents and Professors
and undertook to speak boldly of "the evils that have crept into the
University through the mismanagement of the Regents." It appeared at
first as a large 16-page pamphlet, three columns to the page. At the
same time the _Chronicle_ was established, a sophomore annual appeared,
_The Oracle_, which had a long and checkered career as a champion of
co-education.

This triumvirate of student journals held sway with only occasional
rivalry until a disputed election in 1882 resulted in the establishment
of a new fortnightly, the _Argonaut_, as a rival to the _Chronicle_.
This journal became a weekly in 1884. The two soon became the organs of
opposing fraternity factions, and assuming a political rather than a
literary character, lost ground rapidly. An eventual consolidation did
not save them and the last number of the combined journals appeared in
1891. They were succeeded by two new ventures, the _Daily_, which was
started in September, 1890, still with us as an institution in
undergraduate life, and the _Inlander_, whose long and honorable, if
somewhat spasmodic, career as a literary magazine only came to an end
finally in 1918. _Wrinkle_, Michigan's first humorous paper, appeared in
1893 and was immediately popular. It survived until 1905, when it also
died of inanition, to be succeeded after a few years by the present
_Gargoyle_ of varying merit. With the first discontinuance of the
_Inlander_, about the same ti