principles
of mental philosophy. Many thousand critical examinations were made
between the years 1834 and 1841, leading to many positive conclusions.
The first year's observations made me distinctly aware and certain of
several defects in the doctrines, as to the functions ascribed to
certain localities of the brain to which were ascribed, Mirthfulness,
Acquisitiveness, Adhesiveness, Constructiveness, Tune, Ideality,
Combativeness, Destructiveness, and Cautiousness. The functions of
these localities were evidently misunderstood, and the faculties
erroneously located.

The external senses were omitted from the catalogue of cerebral
organs, though evidently entitled to recognition, and the
physiological powers of the brain, the prime mover and most important
part of the constitution, were almost totally ignored.

Following the old route of exploration by cranioscopy, I sought to
supply these defects. I found the supposed Mirthfulness to be a
planning and reasoning organ, and the true Mirthfulness to be located
more interiorly. Acquisitiveness was evidently located farther back.
The so-called organ of Adhesiveness appeared to be incapable of
manifesting true friendship, and its absence was frequently
accompanied by strong capacities for friendship, of a disinterested
character. Constructiveness appeared to be located too low, and too
far back, running into the middle lobe, which is not the place for
intellect. Tune did not appear to correspond regularly to musical
talent. Many of the higher functions ascribed to Ideality were
conspicuous in heads which had that organ small, with a large
development just above it. Combativeness had evidently less influence
upon physical courage than was supposed, for it was sometimes well
developed in cowards, and rather small in brave men. Cautiousness was
evidently not the organ of fear, for the bravest men, of whom I met
many in the southwest, sometimes had it in predominant development,
and in the timid it was sometimes moderate, or small. Destructiveness
was frequently a characteristic of narrow heads (indeed this is the
case with the Thugs of India), and a broad development above the ears
was sometimes accompanied by a mild disposition. The height of the
head above the ears did not prove a correct criterion of moral
character, nor did the breadth indicate correctly the amount of the
selfish and violent passions.

I observed that the violent and selfish elements of character were