yne & Smiths) (1903); J. Hughes, _Liverpool Banks and
Bankers, 1760-1837_ (1906).

SCOTLAND.--W. H. Logan, _The Scottish Banker_ (1847); Robert Somers, _The
Scotch Banks and System of Issue_ (1873); W. Mitchell, _Scotch Banks and
Limited Liability_ (1879); A. W. Kerr, _History of Scotch Banking_ (1884);
A. W. Kerr, _Scottish Banking, 1865-1896_ (1898); Boase, _A Century of
Banking in Dundee_ (1867).

IRELAND.--Malcolm Dillon, _History and Development of Banking in Ireland_
(1889).

BRITISH COLONIES.--Edward B. Hamilton, _A Manual of the Law and Practice of
Banking in Australia and New Zealand_ (1880); _Banking in Australasia_
(1883); _The Canadian System of Banking and the National Banking System of
the United States_ (Toronto, 1890); _Journal of the Canadian Bankers'
Association_ (Montreal).

FRANCE.--Annuaire-Chaix, _Les Principales Societes par actions_ (1905); A.
Raffalovich, _Le Marche financier_ (1905).

GERMANY.--Dr W. Scharling, _Bank Politik_ (Jena, 1900); _Die Reichsbank,
1876-1900_ (a history and description of the operations of the bank); Dr
Adolf Weber, _Depositenbanken und Spekulationsbanken, Ein Vergleich
deutschen und englischen Bankwesens_ (Leipzig, 1902); Dr Felix Hecht, _Die
Mannheimer Banken, 1870 bis 1900_ (Leipzig, 1902); Siegfried Buff, _Das
Kontokurrentgeschaft im deutschen Bankwerbe_ (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1904);
Dr Riesser, _Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der deutschen Grossbanken mit
besonderer Rucksicht auf die Konzentrationsbestrebungen_ (1905); G. M.
Boissevain, _Duitsche en Engelsche Deposito-Banken_ (1905).

ITALY.--_La Banca Popolare di Milano_ (1881).

AUSTRIA.--Compass, _Finanzielles Jahrbuch fuer Oesterreich-Ungarn_
(Vienna).

JAPAN.--_The House of Mitsui_ (Tokio); _The Law and the By-Laws of the
Nippon Kogyo Ginko (The Industrial Bank of Japan)_ (1903).

H. W. Wolff, _People's Banks_ (1893). (On systems worked by
Schulze-Delitzsch, Raiffeisen, Luzzatti, Banche Popolari, Dr Wollemborg,
Popular Banks in Belgium, Switzerland, France, England).

(R. H. I. P.)

UNITED STATES

The early history of the American colonies is strewn, like that of most new
countries, with many crude experiments in banking and currency issues. Most
of these colonial enterprises, however, were projects for the issue of
paper money rather than the creation of commercial banks. Speculative
banking was checked to a large extent in the colonies by the Bubble Act (6
Geo. I. c. 18), which was passed in Engla