joists, or
scantlings, cross each other, the object of the joint being to prevent
the joists moving from their position without materially weakening them.
For an end notch, see Fig. 352.

[Illustration: Fig. 349.--Method of Building up Turnings.]

[Illustration: Fig. 350.--Notched Joint.]

[Illustration: Fig. 351.--The Saddle Joint.]

The "saddle joint" (Fig. 351) is used for connecting upright posts to
heads or sills of framing, and undoubtedly takes its name from its
similarity to the way in which the saddle fits the horse. It does not
weaken the framing as does a mortise and tenon joint, and shrinkage has
little effect upon the joint. The "cogged joint," used for connecting
purlins to rafter and joists to girders, is illustrated in Fig. 353.

[Illustration: Fig. 352.--End Notch.]

[Illustration: Fig. 353.--Cogged Joint.]

[Illustration: Fig. 354.--Birdsmouth Joint.]

[Illustration: Fig. 355.--Another type of Birdsmouth Joint.]

BIRDSMOUTH JOINTS.--Fig. 354 is a "birdsmouth joint," a simple joint
which can be readily made by the handsaw, used when a spar fits on the
wall plate. A nail is shown securing it in position.

Fig. 355 shows the birdsmouth joint where the spar runs over the
_outside_ of the wall plate, thus allowing a fixing for an ornamental
finish.

[Illustration: Fig. 356.--Rafter and Tie Beam Joint.]

RAFTER JOINT.--Fig. 356 shows an everyday joint, as used at the juncture
of the principal rafter and the tie-beam in roof truss work. A sketch of
piece A is shown separated, and it should be noted that the depth of the
cut portion B should not be more than one-fourth of the total width of
the tie-beam.

[Illustration: Fig. 357.--Method of Pelleting the Corner of a Mitred
Picture Frame.]

PELLETING.--Fig. 357 indicates the method of pelleting and screwing the
corner of a picture frame. The mitre joint is first screwed and a pellet
of the same timber is made to fill the hole which has been bored to
receive the screw head. The pellet is glued in position and levelled off.

[Illustration: Fig. 358.--Patera Covers to Hide Screws.]

PATERA COVERS.--In cases where the style of ornament permits of it,
patera covers are used instead of pelleting. Fig. 358 shows the jointing
of shaped spandrails, etc., to carcase ends of light portable cabinet
work, etc. A hole is bored about 3/8 in. deep into the end, and a screw
is used to hold the shaping in position. After fixing the rail a small
turned button